{"id":4647,"date":"2025-01-22T09:27:12","date_gmt":"2025-01-22T09:27:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647"},"modified":"2025-01-23T08:03:06","modified_gmt":"2025-01-23T08:03:06","slug":"geopolitique","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647","title":{"rendered":"Geopolitique"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"4647\" class=\"elementor elementor-4647\" data-elementor-settings=\"{&quot;ha_cmc_init_switcher&quot;:&quot;no&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a664abd elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"a664abd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4e5d8aa\" data-id=\"4e5d8aa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e2bac8 elementor-hidden-mobile elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8e2bac8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1106\" src=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4665\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares-300x130.jpg 300w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares-1024x442.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares-768x332.jpg 768w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares-1536x664.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares-2048x885.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e83836e elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"e83836e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a73111\" data-id=\"3a73111\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8facf2b elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8facf2b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1475\" height=\"1012\" src=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares-SMART.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4666\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares-SMART.jpg 1475w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares-SMART-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares-SMART-1024x703.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares-SMART-768x527.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1475px) 100vw, 1475px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5595e7cb elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"5595e7cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1792646d\" data-id=\"1792646d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66968ca0 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"66968ca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4577\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"hm hm-home\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a348fa8\" data-id=\"5a348fa8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-172dbfea wpr-main-menu-align-right wpr-main-menu-align--mobileright elementor-widget__width-initial wpr-main-menu-align--tabletleft wpr-pointer-underline wpr-pointer-line-fx wpr-pointer-fx-fade wpr-sub-icon-caret-down wpr-sub-menu-fx-fade wpr-nav-menu-bp-mobile wpr-mobile-menu-full-width wpr-mobile-menu-item-align-center wpr-mobile-toggle-v1 wpr-sub-divider-yes elementor-widget elementor-widget-wpr-nav-menu\" data-id=\"172dbfea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;menu_layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"wpr-nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"wpr-nav-menu-container wpr-nav-menu-horizontal\" data-trigger=\"hover\"><ul id=\"menu-1-172dbfea\" class=\"wpr-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4170\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4007\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item menu-link\">M\u00e9decine<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4081\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item menu-link\">Droit Constitutionnel<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4289\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4189\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item menu-link\">Psychologie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4725\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item menu-link\">Geopolitique<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4348\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4300\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item menu-link\">Traitement des Iconographies<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4533\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4359\" class=\"wpr-menu-item wpr-pointer-item menu-link\">Publications<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><nav class=\"wpr-mobile-nav-menu-container\"><div class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-wrap\"><div class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle\"><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><span class=\"wpr-mobile-toggle-line\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><ul id=\"mobile-menu-2-172dbfea\" class=\"wpr-mobile-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4170\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4007\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item menu-link\">M\u00e9decine<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4169\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4081\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item menu-link\">Droit Constitutionnel<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4289\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4189\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item menu-link\">Psychologie<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4725\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item menu-link\">Geopolitique<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4348\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4300\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item menu-link\">Traitement des Iconographies<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-4533\"><a href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4359\" class=\"wpr-mobile-menu-item menu-link\">Publications<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6b83863 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"6b83863\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ef411df\" data-id=\"ef411df\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d1de42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8d1de42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #2f7ba5;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Production de RESSOURCES P\u00e9dagogiques <\/span><br \/><span style=\"color: #000000;\">assist\u00e9e par I.A.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f399a57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"f399a57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-497508b\" data-id=\"497508b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0269637 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0269637\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Joseph Bonan<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c249898 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"c249898\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5178a1\" data-id=\"f5178a1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bbc0ed2\" data-id=\"bbc0ed2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c44c07f elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"c44c07f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"mailto:joseph.bonan@gmail.com\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"hm hm-mail-open\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1690df1\" data-id=\"1690df1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17a1eb0 elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon\" data-id=\"17a1eb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/x.com\/Jkbjkb1\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fab fa-x-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8017013\" data-id=\"8017013\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e116145 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"e116145\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a67ffcc\" data-id=\"a67ffcc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64049b0 elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64049b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00e9mo<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3be332d\" data-id=\"3be332d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a431198 elementor-widget-mobile__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a431198\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"596\" src=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/logodef00_2@3x-1024x596.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3862\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/logodef00_2@3x-1024x596.png 1024w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/logodef00_2@3x-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/logodef00_2@3x-768x447.png 768w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/logodef00_2@3x.png 1485w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-33 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-769b7bf\" data-id=\"769b7bf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dd4c84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2dd4c84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>D\u00e9mo<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4bfeae6 elementor-section-height-min-height elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-items-middle wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"4bfeae6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c658ce2\" data-id=\"c658ce2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b5725e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b5725e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ci-dessous, \u00e0 titre d\u00e9monstration, <strong>un cours de G\u00e9opolitique tr\u00e8s complet r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en utilisant notre m\u00e9thodologie d&#8217;assistance p\u00e9dagogique par I.A.. <\/strong><\/p><p>On y trouvera :<\/p><ul><li>Une pr\u00e9sentation du cours<\/li><li>Un plan du cours,<\/li><li>Un d\u00e9veloppement de chacun des chapitres composant ce cours,<\/li><li>Une s\u00e9rie de 8 FAQ,<\/li><li>Une s\u00e9rie de 50 QCM,<\/li><li>Un Quizz permettant \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tudiant de s&#8217;auto-\u00e9valuer par le score obtenu,<\/li><li>Une s\u00e9rie de 10 Questions d&#8217;examen \u00e0 r\u00e9ponses courtes,<\/li><li>Un glossaire,<\/li><li>30 diapositives Powerpoint \u00e0 destination de l&#8217;enseignant pour son cours,<\/li><li>6 illustrations originales libres de droits.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-36c7756 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"36c7756\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1021513\" data-id=\"1021513\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c08f27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1c08f27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>G\u00e9opolitique des min\u00e9raux critiques et enjeux des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-839d9d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"839d9d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715405e\" data-id=\"715405e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e7416a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e7416a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le cours<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb18985 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"bb18985\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1fc8c9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"1fc8c9c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-29d4c3e\" data-id=\"29d4c3e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5672b97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"5672b97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9061\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9061\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Pr\u00e9sentation du cours<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9061\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9061\"><p>Ce cours traite des enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques li\u00e9s aux cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques, essentiels pour les technologies d&#8217;\u00e9nergie propre. Ces min\u00e9raux incluent le lithium, le cobalt, le nickel et les terres rares, tous essentiels \u00e0 des applications comme les batteries pour v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, les panneaux solaires et les \u00e9oliennes. Les points principaux incluent :<\/p><ul><li><strong>Domination chinoise<\/strong> : La Chine contr\u00f4le une grande partie de l&#8217;extraction, du raffinage et de la fabrication des composants pour les technologies d&#8217;\u00e9nergie propre. Elle utilise ce contr\u00f4le comme levier g\u00e9opolitique.<\/li><li><strong>Fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement<\/strong> : Exacerb\u00e9e par des \u00e9v\u00e9nements comme la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 des fournisseurs uniques repr\u00e9sente un risque strat\u00e9gique pour de nombreux pays.<\/li><li><strong>Strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies<\/strong> :<ul><li><strong>\u00c9tats-Unis<\/strong> : Efforts pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance, relancer la production domestique et d\u00e9velopper des technologies de substitution et de recyclage.<\/li><li><strong>Union europ\u00e9enne<\/strong> : Promotion de l&#8217;autonomie strat\u00e9gique, renforcement de la circularit\u00e9 des ressources et diversification des sources d&#8217;approvisionnement.<\/li><li><strong>Japon<\/strong> : Investissements dans des projets \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tranger, modernisation des r\u00e9serves strat\u00e9giques et innovation technologique.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Comp\u00e9tition croissante<\/strong> : Les tensions entre importateurs, ainsi que la concurrence pour les ressources, compliquent la coop\u00e9ration internationale.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9062\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9062\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Plan du cours<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9062\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9062\"><ul><li><strong>Introduction aux min\u00e9raux critiques (10 min)<\/strong><ul><li>D\u00e9finition et r\u00f4le dans les technologies d&#8217;\u00e9nergie propre.<\/li><li>Importance croissante dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Analyse de la domination chinoise (20 min)<\/strong><ul><li>Position dominante de la Chine dans les cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement.<\/li><li>Levier g\u00e9opolitique et strat\u00e9gies industrielles chinoises.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement globales (20 min)<\/strong><ul><li>Impact de la COVID-19 et autres perturbations.<\/li><li>D\u00e9pendance aux fournisseurs et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies (30 min)<\/strong><ul><li>\u00c9tats-Unis : Diversification et relance nationale.<\/li><li>Union europ\u00e9enne : Circularit\u00e9 et autonomie strat\u00e9gique.<\/li><li>Japon : Partenariats internationaux et innovation technologique.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Perspectives g\u00e9opolitiques et coop\u00e9ration internationale (20 min)<\/strong><ul><li>Comp\u00e9tition pour les ressources critiques.<\/li><li>Obstacles \u00e0 une coop\u00e9ration globale efficace.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong>Conclusion (20 min)<\/strong><ul><li>R\u00e9capitulatif des enjeux.<\/li><li>Discussions sur les solutions potentielles et leur faisabilit\u00e9.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9063\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9063\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Introduction aux min\u00e9raux critiques<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9063\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9063\"><p>Les min\u00e9raux critiques sont des \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels au fonctionnement des technologies modernes et, plus particuli\u00e8rement, des technologies d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre. Ces min\u00e9raux incluent le lithium, le cobalt, le nickel et les terres rares, utilis\u00e9s dans des applications telles que les batteries lithium-ion, les panneaux photovolta\u00efques et les \u00e9oliennes. Leur importance r\u00e9side dans leur r\u00f4le fondamental dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale, un effort collectif pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre et att\u00e9nuer les effets du changement climatique.<\/p><p><strong>Pourquoi ces min\u00e9raux sont-ils critiques ?<\/strong><\/p><p>Les min\u00e9raux critiques pr\u00e9sentent deux caract\u00e9ristiques principales : une forte importance \u00e9conomique et un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019approvisionnement. Leur importance \u00e9conomique provient de leur r\u00f4le dans des secteurs strat\u00e9giques comme la mobilit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique, les \u00e9nergies renouvelables et l\u2019\u00e9lectronique de pointe. Par exemple, les batteries des v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, pilier de la mobilit\u00e9 durable, d\u00e9pendent du lithium et du cobalt, tandis que les terres rares sont indispensables aux aimants permanents des \u00e9oliennes. Cependant, ces ressources sont souvent concentr\u00e9es dans quelques pays, ce qui rend leur approvisionnement vuln\u00e9rable \u00e0 des perturbations g\u00e9opolitiques, \u00e9conomiques ou naturelles.<\/p><p><strong>Un besoin croissant d\u00fb \u00e0 la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique<\/strong><\/p><p>La transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique acc\u00e9l\u00e8re la demande pour ces ressources. Selon une \u00e9tude de la Banque mondiale, la demande pour les min\u00e9raux critiques pourrait augmenter de 450 % d\u2019ici 2050 si les objectifs de l\u2019Accord de Paris sont atteints. Par exemple, les besoins en lithium et en cobalt pour les batteries lithium-ion augmentent \u00e0 mesure que les v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques et les solutions de stockage d\u2019\u00e9nergie deviennent plus r\u00e9pandus. Les \u00e9oliennes n\u00e9cessitent des terres rares comme le n\u00e9odyme et le dysprosium pour leurs aimants, et les panneaux photovolta\u00efques utilisent des mat\u00e9riaux comme l\u2019indium et le gallium.<\/p><p>Cette d\u00e9pendance accrue pose des d\u00e9fis environnementaux et sociaux. L\u2019extraction et le raffinage des min\u00e9raux critiques peuvent entra\u00eener des impacts n\u00e9gatifs sur les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, tandis que les conditions de travail dans certaines r\u00e9gions productrices, comme la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC), suscitent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques. Ces aspects soulignent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de normes strictes et de meilleures pratiques pour garantir une exploitation responsable.<\/p><p><strong>Un d\u00e9fi g\u00e9opolitique majeur<\/strong><\/p><p>La concentration de l\u2019extraction et du raffinage des min\u00e9raux critiques dans un nombre limit\u00e9 de pays cr\u00e9e des d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres g\u00e9opolitiques. Par exemple, la Chine est le leader mondial dans le raffinage des terres rares et contr\u00f4le plus de 85 % de leur production mondiale. Cette domination conf\u00e8re \u00e0 P\u00e9kin un avantage strat\u00e9gique, exacerb\u00e9 par des politiques protectionnistes et des restrictions \u00e0 l\u2019exportation. Par ailleurs, des pays comme l\u2019Australie et le Chili jouent un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans l\u2019approvisionnement en lithium, tandis que la RDC fournit plus de 60 % du cobalt mondial. Ces monopoles ou oligopoles r\u00e9gionaux cr\u00e9ent des d\u00e9pendances risqu\u00e9es pour les \u00e9conomies importatrices.<\/p><p><strong>La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement comme priorit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique<\/strong><\/p><p>Face \u00e0 ces d\u00e9fis, la s\u00e9curisation des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement est devenue une priorit\u00e9 pour de nombreuses \u00e9conomies. Des strat\u00e9gies vari\u00e9es \u00e9mergent, allant de l\u2019investissement dans la production nationale et les technologies de substitution \u00e0 la diversification des sources d\u2019approvisionnement par le biais de partenariats internationaux. Par exemple, les \u00c9tats-Unis investissent dans des projets de recyclage et de substitution, l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne promeut une \u00e9conomie circulaire, et le Japon finance des initiatives \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger pour garantir un approvisionnement stable.<\/p><p>En parall\u00e8le, des innovations technologiques sont n\u00e9cessaires pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 ces ressources. Les avanc\u00e9es dans le recyclage, comme la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration des m\u00e9taux pr\u00e9cieux des batteries usag\u00e9es, offrent des solutions prometteuses. De m\u00eame, le d\u00e9veloppement de mat\u00e9riaux alternatifs pourrait att\u00e9nuer la pression sur les min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/p><p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p><p>En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, les min\u00e9raux critiques sont au c\u0153ur des efforts mondiaux pour lutter contre le changement climatique et promouvoir une transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique durable. Cependant, leur importance strat\u00e9gique s\u2019accompagne de d\u00e9fis environnementaux, sociaux et g\u00e9opolitiques complexes. La s\u00e9curisation de ces ressources passe par des investissements dans l\u2019innovation, des politiques de diversification et une coop\u00e9ration internationale renforc\u00e9e. Ce chapitre pose les bases pour comprendre les enjeux abord\u00e9s dans les sections suivantes, qui explorent la domination chinoise, les vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement et les strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-9064\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-9064\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Analyse de la domination chinoise<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-9064\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-9064\"><p>La Chine domine les cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques, exer\u00e7ant une influence consid\u00e9rable sur leur extraction, leur raffinage et leur transformation en produits finis. Cette domination est le fruit d&#8217;une strat\u00e9gie industrielle coh\u00e9rente, qui a permis \u00e0 P\u00e9kin de devenir un acteur central dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale. Cependant, cette position h\u00e9g\u00e9monique soul\u00e8ve des inqui\u00e9tudes chez les grandes puissances \u00e9conomiques, qui craignent une exploitation de cette d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 des fins g\u00e9opolitiques.<\/p><p><strong>Une domination strat\u00e9gique et \u00e9conomique<\/strong><\/p><p>La Chine contr\u00f4le plus de 85 % de la production mondiale de terres rares, utilis\u00e9es dans les technologies avanc\u00e9es comme les aimants permanents pour \u00e9oliennes et les moteurs de v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques. Cette domination ne s&#8217;arr\u00eate pas \u00e0 l&#8217;extraction ; la Chine excelle \u00e9galement dans le raffinage et la transformation de ces mat\u00e9riaux en composants de haute valeur ajout\u00e9e, tels que les cathodes pour batteries lithium-ion. Par exemple, elle d\u00e9tient 60 % de la capacit\u00e9 mondiale de raffinage du lithium et 72 % de celle du cobalt.<\/p><p>Cette position dominante repose sur plusieurs facteurs :<\/p><ol><li><strong>Ressources abondantes<\/strong> : La Chine poss\u00e8de environ un tiers des r\u00e9serves mondiales de terres rares.<\/li><li><strong>Investissements dans l\u2019infrastructure industrielle<\/strong> : Des politiques incitatives, combin\u00e9es \u00e0 des normes environnementales laxistes, ont permis de r\u00e9duire les co\u00fbts de production.<\/li><li><strong>Strat\u00e9gies protectionnistes<\/strong> : Jusqu\u2019en 2014, P\u00e9kin a impos\u00e9 des quotas d\u2019exportation et des taxes pour limiter l&#8217;acc\u00e8s des autres nations aux terres rares.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Un levier g\u00e9opolitique<\/strong><\/p><p>La Chine a d\u00e9montr\u00e9 sa volont\u00e9 d\u2019utiliser cette domination comme un levier strat\u00e9gique. En 2010, elle a impos\u00e9 un embargo sur les exportations de terres rares vers le Japon lors d\u2019un diff\u00e9rend territorial. Plus r\u00e9cemment, en 2019, lors de la guerre commerciale sino-am\u00e9ricaine, le pr\u00e9sident Xi Jinping a visit\u00e9 une usine de traitement des terres rares, envoyant un message implicite sur l\u2019influence de la Chine dans ce domaine.<\/p><p>En outre, la strat\u00e9gie chinoise ne se limite pas \u00e0 son territoire. P\u00e9kin investit massivement dans les mines de cobalt en R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC), qui fournit plus de 60 % de ce minerai au niveau mondial. Ces investissements garantissent un approvisionnement constant pour ses industries, tout en renfor\u00e7ant son emprise sur les cha\u00eenes globales.<\/p><p><strong>Les implications pour les autres \u00e9conomies<\/strong><\/p><p>La domination chinoise exacerbe la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 des grandes puissances importatrices, notamment les \u00c9tats-Unis, l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne et le Japon. Ces pays, largement d\u00e9pendants des importations de min\u00e9raux critiques, craignent que la Chine n\u2019interrompe les approvisionnements en cas de tensions diplomatiques. Cette d\u00e9pendance souligne la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 pour ces nations de diversifier leurs sources et d\u2019investir dans des technologies alternatives.<\/p><p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p><p>La domination chinoise dans les cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques illustre le r\u00f4le croissant de ces ressources dans la g\u00e9opolitique contemporaine. Bien que la Chine ait r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 transformer ses ressources naturelles en un outil strat\u00e9gique, cette position pourrait \u00eatre contest\u00e9e par des efforts concert\u00e9s d&#8217;autres \u00e9conomies pour r\u00e9duire leur d\u00e9pendance et d\u00e9velopper leurs capacit\u00e9s locales. Cependant, le d\u00e9fi reste immense, compte tenu de l&#8217;avance significative de la Chine.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ed176a\" data-id=\"9ed176a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-130535d elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"130535d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1991\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1991\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement globales<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1991\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1991\"><p>Les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques pr\u00e9sentent une vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 significative en raison de leur forte concentration g\u00e9ographique et des risques associ\u00e9s \u00e0 leur extraction, transport et transformation. Ces fragilit\u00e9s ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en lumi\u00e8re par des \u00e9v\u00e9nements r\u00e9cents, tels que la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, qui ont perturb\u00e9 les flux mondiaux et r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 les risques inh\u00e9rents \u00e0 une d\u00e9pendance excessive envers certaines r\u00e9gions.<\/p><p><strong>Les causes des fragilit\u00e9s<\/strong><\/p><ol><li><strong>Concentration g\u00e9ographique<\/strong> : Plus de la moiti\u00e9 de la production mondiale de cobalt provient de la RDC, tandis que la Chine domine le raffinage et la production de composants. Cette concentration limite les alternatives en cas de perturbations.<\/li><li><strong>Perturbations g\u00e9opolitiques<\/strong> : Les tensions entre grandes puissances, comme la guerre commerciale entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et la Chine, augmentent le risque de ruptures d\u2019approvisionnement.<\/li><li><strong>Environnement et infrastructure<\/strong> : Les mines et les installations de traitement sont souvent situ\u00e9es dans des r\u00e9gions instables ou peu d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es, ce qui accro\u00eet les risques logistiques.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Exemple : La pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19<\/strong><\/p><p>La pand\u00e9mie a expos\u00e9 la fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement. Par exemple, en 2020, le cobalt extrait en RDC a \u00e9t\u00e9 bloqu\u00e9 en Afrique du Sud pendant plusieurs mois en raison des mesures de confinement. Cette interruption a affect\u00e9 les fabricants de batteries en Asie et en Europe, soulignant la d\u00e9pendance critique \u00e0 des corridors logistiques sp\u00e9cifiques.<\/p><p><strong>Solutions envisag\u00e9es<\/strong><\/p><p>Pour att\u00e9nuer ces vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s, plusieurs strat\u00e9gies sont propos\u00e9es :<\/p><ul><li><strong>Diversification des sources<\/strong> : Encourager l\u2019exploitation mini\u00e8re dans d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions, comme l\u2019Australie et le Canada.<\/li><li><strong>Recyclage<\/strong> : D\u00e9velopper des technologies pour r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer les m\u00e9taux pr\u00e9cieux des produits usag\u00e9s, r\u00e9duisant ainsi la d\u00e9pendance aux nouvelles extractions.<\/li><li><strong>Coop\u00e9ration internationale<\/strong> : \u00c9tablir des partenariats pour partager les ressources et les technologies.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p><p>La fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement est un d\u00e9fi majeur pour la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale. Une approche combinant diversification, innovation et coop\u00e9ration internationale est essentielle pour construire des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement r\u00e9silientes, capables de soutenir une demande croissante.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1992\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1992\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1992\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1992\"><p>Les grandes \u00e9conomies, conscientes de leur d\u00e9pendance aux min\u00e9raux critiques, ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 des strat\u00e9gies vari\u00e9es pour s\u00e9curiser leurs approvisionnements. Ces strat\u00e9gies diff\u00e8rent selon leurs priorit\u00e9s, qu&#8217;elles soient \u00e9conomiques, industrielles ou g\u00e9opolitiques. Ce chapitre examine les r\u00e9ponses des \u00c9tats-Unis, de l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne et du Japon face \u00e0 ces d\u00e9fis.<\/p><p><strong>Les \u00c9tats-Unis : Diversification et relance nationale<\/strong><\/p><p>Aux \u00c9tats-Unis, la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard des importations de min\u00e9raux critiques, notamment depuis la Chine, est per\u00e7ue comme une vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique. Depuis l&#8217;embargo chinois de 2010 sur les terres rares, plusieurs initiatives ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en place pour renforcer la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement :<\/p><ul><li><strong>Relance de la production nationale<\/strong> : Le site de Mountain Pass, en Californie, a repris ses activit\u00e9s sous la direction de MP Materials. Cependant, le traitement des terres rares reste externalis\u00e9, principalement en Chine, soulignant un d\u00e9ficit dans les capacit\u00e9s de raffinage domestiques.<\/li><li><strong>Investissements dans la recherche<\/strong> : Le D\u00e9partement de l&#8217;\u00c9nergie (DOE) finance des projets pour d\u00e9velopper des alternatives aux mat\u00e9riaux critiques et am\u00e9liorer le recyclage.<\/li><li><strong>Coop\u00e9ration internationale<\/strong> : Les \u00c9tats-Unis collaborent avec le Canada et l&#8217;Australie pour diversifier leurs sources d&#8217;approvisionnement. Ils participent \u00e9galement \u00e0 l&#8217;Initiative pour la gouvernance des ressources \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques (ERGI), qui vise \u00e0 promouvoir des pratiques mini\u00e8res durables dans les pays riches en ressources.<\/li><\/ul><p>Ces efforts refl\u00e8tent une approche ax\u00e9e sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et nationale, avec un accent particulier sur les applications de d\u00e9fense et les industries strat\u00e9giques.<\/p><p><strong>L&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne : Circularit\u00e9 et autonomie strat\u00e9gique<\/strong><\/p><p>L&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne (UE) adopte une approche syst\u00e9mique pour r\u00e9duire sa d\u00e9pendance :<\/p><ul><li><strong>Promotion de l&#8217;\u00e9conomie circulaire<\/strong> : L&#8217;UE investit dans des technologies de recyclage pour r\u00e9cup\u00e9rer des m\u00e9taux pr\u00e9cieux \u00e0 partir de batteries usag\u00e9es et d&#8217;autres \u00e9quipements \u00e9lectroniques.<\/li><li><strong>D\u00e9veloppement de projets locaux<\/strong> : Des initiatives mini\u00e8res \u00e9mergent en Europe, comme un projet d&#8217;extraction de lithium en R\u00e9publique tch\u00e8que et une mine de lithium-borate en Serbie.<\/li><li><strong>Alliances strat\u00e9giques<\/strong> : L&#8217;UE a cr\u00e9\u00e9 l&#8217;Alliance europ\u00e9enne des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res pour identifier les obstacles et renforcer les capacit\u00e9s industrielles \u00e0 toutes les \u00e9tapes de la cha\u00eene de valeur.<\/li><\/ul><p>L&#8217;objectif de l&#8217;UE est de renforcer son autonomie strat\u00e9gique tout en respectant des normes environnementales strictes, notamment dans le cadre du Green Deal europ\u00e9en.<\/p><p><strong>Le Japon : Innovation et partenariats internationaux<\/strong><\/p><p>Le Japon, d\u00e9pourvu de ressources naturelles significatives, adopte une strat\u00e9gie duale :<\/p><ul><li><strong>Investissements \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tranger<\/strong> : Par l&#8217;interm\u00e9diaire de l&#8217;organisme JOGMEC, le Japon finance des projets miniers en Australie, au Vietnam et en Inde pour garantir un approvisionnement stable.<\/li><li><strong>Innovation technologique<\/strong> : Le Japon d\u00e9veloppe des mat\u00e9riaux substitutifs et am\u00e9liore les processus de recyclage. Par exemple, il a r\u00e9duit sa d\u00e9pendance aux terres rares chinoises de 85 % en 2009 \u00e0 58 % en 2018.<\/li><li><strong>Modernisation des stocks strat\u00e9giques<\/strong> : Les r\u00e9serves japonaises, \u00e9tablies depuis les ann\u00e9es 1980, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment \u00e9largies pour inclure davantage de min\u00e9raux critiques et couvrir jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 180 jours de consommation nationale.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p><p>Ces strat\u00e9gies illustrent des r\u00e9ponses diversifi\u00e9es face aux d\u00e9fis communs. Alors que les \u00c9tats-Unis mettent l&#8217;accent sur la relance nationale, l&#8217;UE favorise une approche collaborative, et le Japon mise sur l&#8217;innovation et les partenariats. Ces efforts montrent que la s\u00e9curisation des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement n\u00e9cessite une combinaison d&#8217;initiatives locales et internationales.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1993\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1993\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Perspectives g\u00e9opolitiques et coop\u00e9ration internationale<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1993\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1993\"><p>La comp\u00e9tition pour les min\u00e9raux critiques repr\u00e9sente une nouvelle forme de rivalit\u00e9 g\u00e9opolitique. La transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale, bien qu&#8217;essentielle pour r\u00e9pondre aux d\u00e9fis climatiques, exacerbe cette comp\u00e9tition en augmentant la demande pour des ressources limit\u00e9es. Les relations internationales dans ce domaine oscillent entre coop\u00e9ration et tensions.<\/p><p><strong>Une comp\u00e9tition croissante<\/strong><\/p><p>Les grandes \u00e9conomies rivalisent pour s\u00e9curiser leur acc\u00e8s aux ressources. Les tensions entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et la Chine sont particuli\u00e8rement marqu\u00e9es. P\u00e9kin utilise sa domination des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement comme levier strat\u00e9gique, tandis que Washington cherche \u00e0 diversifier ses sources et \u00e0 r\u00e9duire sa d\u00e9pendance. Cette rivalit\u00e9 pourrait freiner les collaborations internationales n\u00e9cessaires pour r\u00e9soudre les d\u00e9fis communs.<\/p><p><strong>Obstacles \u00e0 la coop\u00e9ration<\/strong><\/p><p>Plusieurs obstacles limitent la coop\u00e9ration internationale dans ce domaine :<\/p><ul><li><strong>Priorit\u00e9s divergentes<\/strong> : Les \u00c9tats-Unis mettent l&#8217;accent sur la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale, tandis que l&#8217;UE privil\u00e9gie l&#8217;\u00e9conomie circulaire et la durabilit\u00e9.<\/li><li><strong>Concurrence pour les ressources<\/strong> : Les pays importateurs, comme le Japon et l&#8217;UE, rivalisent pour \u00e9tablir des partenariats avec des nations riches en ressources, cr\u00e9ant des tensions potentielles.<\/li><li><strong>Asym\u00e9trie des capacit\u00e9s<\/strong> : Les pays riches en ressources, souvent situ\u00e9s dans des r\u00e9gions politiquement instables, manquent parfois des infrastructures n\u00e9cessaires pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la demande croissante.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Perspectives pour une coop\u00e9ration renforc\u00e9e<\/strong><\/p><p>Malgr\u00e9 ces d\u00e9fis, des initiatives internationales \u00e9mergent :<\/p><ul><li><strong>Partenariats bilat\u00e9raux et multilat\u00e9raux<\/strong> : Des accords, comme le protocole d&#8217;accord entre l&#8217;Inde et l&#8217;Australie sur les min\u00e9raux critiques, montrent la voie vers une coop\u00e9ration renforc\u00e9e.<\/li><li><strong>Normes et r\u00e9gulations globales<\/strong> : La promotion de pratiques mini\u00e8res durables et \u00e9thiques pourrait r\u00e9duire les impacts n\u00e9gatifs de l&#8217;extraction.<\/li><li><strong>Partage technologique<\/strong> : La collaboration sur le recyclage et les technologies de substitution peut profiter \u00e0 toutes les parties impliqu\u00e9es.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p><p>Les min\u00e9raux critiques, bien qu&#8217;essentiels \u00e0 la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, amplifient les rivalit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Une coop\u00e9ration internationale accrue est n\u00e9cessaire pour \u00e9quilibrer les besoins \u00e9conomiques, environnementaux et g\u00e9opolitiques, tout en assurant une transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique \u00e9quitable et durable.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1994\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1994\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Conclusion et discussion<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1994\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1994\"><p>La s\u00e9curisation des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques est devenue un enjeu strat\u00e9gique majeur dans le contexte de la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale. Ce chapitre conclut en r\u00e9sumant les d\u00e9fis et en explorant les solutions possibles pour garantir un acc\u00e8s stable et durable \u00e0 ces ressources.<\/p><p><strong>Un \u00e9quilibre d\u00e9licat \u00e0 trouver<\/strong><\/p><p>Les min\u00e9raux critiques sont \u00e0 la fois une opportunit\u00e9 et un d\u00e9fi. Leur r\u00f4le central dans les technologies d&#8217;\u00e9nergie propre souligne leur importance strat\u00e9gique. Cependant, leur extraction pose des questions environnementales et sociales, et leur disponibilit\u00e9 est limit\u00e9e par des contraintes g\u00e9opolitiques.<\/p><p><strong>Solutions potentielles<\/strong><\/p><p>Les r\u00e9ponses aux d\u00e9fis des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement incluent :<\/p><ol><li><strong>Innovation technologique<\/strong> : Le d\u00e9veloppement de substituts et l\u2019am\u00e9lioration du recyclage peuvent r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance aux nouvelles extractions.<\/li><li><strong>Diversification<\/strong> : L\u2019exploitation de nouveaux gisements et le d\u00e9veloppement de partenariats internationaux peuvent renforcer la r\u00e9silience.<\/li><li><strong>Normes \u00e9thiques<\/strong> : Des r\u00e9gulations globales peuvent garantir des pratiques responsables tout au long de la cha\u00eene de valeur.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>Perspectives d\u2019avenir<\/strong><\/p><p>Le d\u00e9bat se concentre sur les r\u00f4les respectifs des gouvernements, des entreprises et des organisations internationales dans la mise en \u0153uvre de ces solutions. Un consensus est n\u00e9cessaire pour aligner les int\u00e9r\u00eats \u00e9conomiques, environnementaux et sociaux.<\/p><p><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/p><p>Les min\u00e9raux critiques repr\u00e9sentent un d\u00e9fi global n\u00e9cessitant des r\u00e9ponses collectives et innovantes. Alors que la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique progresse, leur r\u00f4le dans les rivalit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques et les efforts de coop\u00e9ration continuera de fa\u00e7onner le paysage \u00e9conomique et politique mondial.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-869f46e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"869f46e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dbbe598\" data-id=\"dbbe598\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9d8374 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9d8374\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">FAQ<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c98ce1d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c98ce1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b5dbb7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"b5dbb7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-28c68ae\" data-id=\"28c68ae\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da58028 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"da58028\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2281\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2281\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Quels sont les min\u00e9raux critiques et pourquoi sont-ils importants ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2281\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2281\"><p>Les min\u00e9raux critiques sont des m\u00e9taux et des min\u00e9raux non combustibles essentiels \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et nationale d&#8217;un pays. Leurs cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement sont vuln\u00e9rables aux perturbations, et leur absence aurait des cons\u00e9quences importantes sur l&#8217;\u00e9conomie et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9. Ils sont utilis\u00e9s dans une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d&#8217;applications, y compris les technologies propres comme les panneaux solaires, les \u00e9oliennes et les batteries de v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2282\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2282\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Quel est le probl\u00e8me de la cha\u00eene d'approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2282\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2282\"><p>La demande de min\u00e9raux critiques est en hausse en raison de la croissance des technologies propres. Cependant, l&#8217;approvisionnement de ces min\u00e9raux est concentr\u00e9 dans un petit nombre de pays, ce qui cr\u00e9e des risques de perturbations de l&#8217;approvisionnement. De plus, la Chine domine de nombreux segments des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement mondiales en min\u00e9raux critiques, ce qui soul\u00e8ve des inqui\u00e9tudes g\u00e9opolitiques.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2283\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2283\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Pourquoi la domination chinoise des cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques est-elle une source d'inqui\u00e9tude ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2283\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2283\"><p>La domination de la Chine sur les cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques est une source d&#8217;inqui\u00e9tude pour plusieurs raisons :<\/p><ul><li><strong>Risque de perturbation de l&#8217;approvisionnement:<\/strong> La Chine pourrait utiliser son contr\u00f4le sur l&#8217;approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques comme un outil de levier politique ou \u00e9conomique.<\/li><li><strong>Manque de transparence:<\/strong> Le manque de transparence dans les pratiques mini\u00e8res et de traitement chinoises soul\u00e8ve des inqui\u00e9tudes quant \u00e0 la durabilit\u00e9 et \u00e0 la responsabilit\u00e9 de la cha\u00eene d&#8217;approvisionnement.<\/li><li><strong>Concurrence d\u00e9loyale:<\/strong> Les politiques industrielles chinoises, telles que les subventions et les restrictions \u00e0 l&#8217;exportation, cr\u00e9ent un terrain de jeu in\u00e9gal pour les entreprises non chinoises.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2284\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2284\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Quelles sont les strat\u00e9gies des \u00c9tats-Unis, de l'Union europ\u00e9enne et du Japon pour s\u00e9curiser leurs approvisionnements en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2284\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2284\"><p><strong>\u00c9tats-Unis:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Augmenter la production nationale de min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/li><li>Diversifier les sources d&#8217;approvisionnement, notamment par le biais de partenariats avec des pays alli\u00e9s.<\/li><li>D\u00e9velopper des technologies de substitution et de recyclage.<\/li><li>Investir dans la recherche et le d\u00e9veloppement.<\/li><li>Utiliser le Defense Production Act pour soutenir l&#8217;industrie nationale des min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Union europ\u00e9enne:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>D\u00e9velopper des cha\u00eenes de valeur r\u00e9silientes pour les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes industriels de l&#8217;UE.<\/li><li>R\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance aux min\u00e9raux critiques primaires gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 l&#8217;utilisation circulaire des ressources, aux produits durables et \u00e0 l&#8217;innovation.<\/li><li>Renforcer l&#8217;approvisionnement et la transformation durables et responsables des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res dans l&#8217;UE.<\/li><li>Diversifier l&#8217;approvisionnement avec un approvisionnement durable et responsable provenant de pays tiers, en renfor\u00e7ant le commerce ouvert fond\u00e9 sur des r\u00e8gles et en supprimant les distorsions du commerce international.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Japon:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>S&#8217;assurer l&#8217;acc\u00e8s aux projets miniers \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tranger par le biais d&#8217;investissements et de partenariats.<\/li><li>Encourager le recyclage et le d\u00e9veloppement de substituts.<\/li><li>Maintenir des stocks strat\u00e9giques de min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/li><li>Promouvoir la collaboration internationale en mati\u00e8re de recherche et de d\u00e9veloppement.<\/li><li>Moderniser le syst\u00e8me de stockage.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dd31a45\" data-id=\"dd31a45\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f90cbf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"f90cbf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Qu'est-ce que l'Energy Resource Governance Initiative (ERGI) ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2611\"><p>L&#8217;ERGI est une initiative multilat\u00e9rale lanc\u00e9e par les \u00c9tats-Unis en 2019. Elle vise \u00e0 promouvoir la gouvernance responsable des ressources dans les pays riches en min\u00e9raux critiques. L&#8217;ERGI compte d\u00e9sormais des membres en Asie-Pacifique, en Am\u00e9rique centrale et du Sud et en Afrique.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Quelles sont les difficult\u00e9s rencontr\u00e9es par les pays pour s\u00e9curiser leurs approvisionnements en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2612\"><ul><li><strong>Contraintes environnementales:<\/strong> L&#8217;exploitation mini\u00e8re peut avoir des impacts n\u00e9gatifs sur l&#8217;environnement.<\/li><li><strong>Obstacles \u00e9conomiques:<\/strong> L&#8217;exploitation et la transformation des min\u00e9raux critiques peuvent \u00eatre co\u00fbteuses.<\/li><li><strong>Opposition du public:<\/strong> L&#8217;exploitation mini\u00e8re peut \u00eatre impopulaire aupr\u00e8s des communaut\u00e9s locales.<\/li><li><strong>Concurrence internationale:<\/strong> La demande de min\u00e9raux critiques est mondiale, ce qui cr\u00e9e une concurrence intense pour les ressources.<\/li><li><strong>Manque de main-d&#8217;\u0153uvre qualifi\u00e9e:<\/strong> L&#8217;industrie des min\u00e9raux critiques n\u00e9cessite une main-d&#8217;\u0153uvre qualifi\u00e9e.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2613\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Quel est l'impact potentiel de l'innovation sur la g\u00e9opolitique des cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2613\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2613\"><p>L&#8217;innovation pourrait jouer un r\u00f4le important dans la modification de la g\u00e9opolitique des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques. Le d\u00e9veloppement de technologies de substitution, de recyclage et d&#8217;extraction plus durables pourrait r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance aux fournisseurs actuels et cr\u00e9er de nouvelles opportunit\u00e9s pour les pays.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2614\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Quelles sont les questions cl\u00e9s \u00e0 examiner \u00e0 l'avenir concernant les cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2614\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2614\"><ul><li>Comment garantir un approvisionnement durable et responsable en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/li><li>Comment promouvoir la coop\u00e9ration internationale pour s\u00e9curiser les cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement ?<\/li><li>Comment \u00e9quilibrer les consid\u00e9rations de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 nationale et les pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9conomiques ?<\/li><li>Quel est le r\u00f4le de l&#8217;innovation dans la r\u00e9solution des probl\u00e8mes li\u00e9s aux cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement ?<\/li><li>Comment att\u00e9nuer les impacts environnementaux et sociaux de l&#8217;exploitation mini\u00e8re ?<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c06ff0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"c06ff0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-355f3bc\" data-id=\"355f3bc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a07df8a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a07df8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">QCM<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-084f553 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"084f553\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6a95fff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"6a95fff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a97af1a\" data-id=\"a97af1a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-999692b elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"999692b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">QCM 1-10<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1611\"><p><strong>QCM 1 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel est le r\u00f4le principal des min\u00e9raux critiques dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique ?<\/p><ol><li>Ils sont utilis\u00e9s dans la construction de routes.<\/li><li>Ils sont indispensables aux technologies d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre. \u2705<\/li><li>Ils servent uniquement \u00e0 produire de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<\/li><li>Ils sont principalement employ\u00e9s dans l\u2019agriculture.<\/li><li>Ils ne sont pas concern\u00e9s par les \u00e9nergies renouvelables.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 2 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel min\u00e9ral est essentiel aux batteries des v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques ?<\/p><ol><li>Lithium \u2705<\/li><li>Aluminium<\/li><li>Cuivre<\/li><li>Zinc<\/li><li>Or<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 3 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelle r\u00e9gion contr\u00f4le la majorit\u00e9 des r\u00e9serves mondiales de cobalt ?<\/p><ol><li>Am\u00e9rique du Nord<\/li><li>Union europ\u00e9enne<\/li><li>R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo \u2705<\/li><li>Japon<\/li><li>Australie<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 4 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quels crit\u00e8res d\u00e9finissent un min\u00e9ral critique ?<\/p><ol><li>Abondance et faible co\u00fbt<\/li><li>Importance \u00e9conomique et risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019approvisionnement \u2705<\/li><li>Usage exclusif dans l\u2019industrie p\u00e9troli\u00e8re<\/li><li>Extraction facile et rapide<\/li><li>Utilisation limit\u00e9e dans les \u00e9nergies renouvelables<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 5 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel organisme pr\u00e9dit une augmentation de 450 % de la demande de certains min\u00e9raux d\u2019ici 2050 ?<\/p><ol><li>Organisation mondiale du commerce<\/li><li>Banque mondiale \u2705<\/li><li>Nations unies<\/li><li>Agence internationale de l\u2019\u00e9nergie<\/li><li>Fonds mon\u00e9taire international<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 6 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel min\u00e9ral est essentiel pour les aimants permanents des \u00e9oliennes ?<\/p><ol><li>N\u00e9odyme \u2705<\/li><li>Cuivre<\/li><li>Lithium<\/li><li>Cobalt<\/li><li>Nickel<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 7 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quels d\u00e9fis environnementaux sont associ\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019extraction des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Contamination des sols \u2705<\/li><li>R\u00e9duction de l\u2019empreinte carbone<\/li><li>Exploitation mini\u00e8re sans d\u00e9chets<\/li><li>R\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de CO\u2082<\/li><li>Pr\u00e9servation des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 8 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quels pays dominent la production de lithium ?<\/p><ol><li>\u00c9tats-Unis et Canada<\/li><li>Chili, Argentine et Australie \u2705<\/li><li>Chine et Japon<\/li><li>Russie et Ukraine<\/li><li>Br\u00e9sil et Afrique du Sud<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 9 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Pourquoi les terres rares sont-elles difficiles \u00e0 extraire ?<\/p><ol><li>Elles sont extr\u00eamement rares dans la nature.<\/li><li>Leur extraction n\u00e9cessite des processus chimiques complexes. \u2705<\/li><li>Elles ne peuvent pas \u00eatre recycl\u00e9es.<\/li><li>Elles sont toujours m\u00e9lang\u00e9es au lithium.<\/li><li>Leur extraction est interdite par les lois internationales.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 10 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelle industrie d\u00e9pend fortement des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>L\u2019agriculture<\/li><li>L\u2019automobile \u00e9lectrique \u2705<\/li><li>La p\u00eache<\/li><li>La construction navale<\/li><li>L\u2019h\u00f4tellerie<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">QCM 11-20<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1612\"><p><strong>QCM 11 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel pourcentage de la production mondiale de terres rares est contr\u00f4l\u00e9 par la Chine ?<\/p><ol><li>50 %<\/li><li>70 %<\/li><li>85 % \u2705<\/li><li>90 %<\/li><li>95 %<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 12 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel pays est le principal fournisseur mondial de cobalt, exploit\u00e9 principalement par des entreprises chinoises ?<\/p><ol><li>Chili<\/li><li>Australie<\/li><li>R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo \u2705<\/li><li>Canada<\/li><li>Russie<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 13 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Pourquoi la Chine domine-t-elle les cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses riches ressources naturelles uniquement.<\/li><li>En raison d\u2019une longue strat\u00e9gie industrielle et d\u2019un contr\u00f4le de la transformation en aval. \u2705<\/li><li>Parce qu\u2019elle poss\u00e8de tous les gisements mondiaux.<\/li><li>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des partenariats avec l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne.<\/li><li>Parce qu\u2019elle investit massivement dans l\u2019\u00e9nergie fossile.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 14 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel \u00e9v\u00e9nement a illustr\u00e9 l&#8217;utilisation par la Chine de sa domination sur les terres rares comme levier g\u00e9opolitique ?<\/p><ol><li>La pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19<\/li><li>L\u2019embargo sur les terres rares contre le Japon en 2010 \u2705<\/li><li>Le lancement de l\u2019initiative &#8220;Made in China 2025&#8221;<\/li><li>Le sommet de Paris sur le climat<\/li><li>La cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019Organisation mondiale du commerce<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 15 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quels sont les principaux avantages de la Chine dans la transformation des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Normes environnementales rigoureuses et haute technologie<\/li><li>Co\u00fbts de main-d&#8217;\u0153uvre faibles et infrastructure industrielle avanc\u00e9e \u2705<\/li><li>Monopole sur l&#8217;extraction mondiale<\/li><li>Soutien exclusif des institutions internationales<\/li><li>Absence de rivalit\u00e9 g\u00e9opolitique<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 16 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Dans quelle mesure la Chine influence-t-elle le raffinage mondial de cobalt ?<\/p><ol><li>40 %<\/li><li>50 %<\/li><li>60 %<\/li><li>72 % \u2705<\/li><li>80 %<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 17 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel est le r\u00f4le des terres rares dans les technologies d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre ?<\/p><ol><li>Elles permettent de recycler le lithium.<\/li><li>Elles sont utilis\u00e9es dans les aimants permanents. \u2705<\/li><li>Elles remplacent le p\u00e9trole comme source d\u2019\u00e9nergie.<\/li><li>Elles sont essentielles \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9nergie hydraulique.<\/li><li>Elles sont exclusivement utilis\u00e9es dans les centrales nucl\u00e9aires.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 18 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelles sont les strat\u00e9gies de la Chine pour s\u00e9curiser l\u2019approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Investissements dans les mines \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger \u2705<\/li><li>R\u00e9duction de l\u2019utilisation des terres rares<\/li><li>Collaboration avec les entreprises am\u00e9ricaines<\/li><li>Financement de recherches sur les substituts<\/li><li>Abandon des technologies propres<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 19 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Comment la Chine a-t-elle attir\u00e9 les entreprises \u00e9trang\u00e8res dans ses cha\u00eenes de production ?<\/p><ol><li>En offrant des subventions massives.<\/li><li>En imposant des restrictions \u00e0 l&#8217;importation.<\/li><li>En \u00e9changeant des technologies avanc\u00e9es contre des installations locales. \u2705<\/li><li>En r\u00e9duisant les co\u00fbts d\u2019exportation.<\/li><li>En interdisant les investissements \u00e9trangers.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 20 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel document strat\u00e9gique chinois renforce son objectif industriel sur les terres rares ?<\/p><ol><li>Le plan de neutralit\u00e9 carbone 2050<\/li><li>Le programme &#8220;Made in China 2025&#8221; \u2705<\/li><li>L\u2019accord de Kyoto<\/li><li>La directive sur l&#8217;\u00e9conomie circulaire<\/li><li>Le trait\u00e9 de coop\u00e9ration Asie-Pacifique<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1613\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">QCM 21-30<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1613\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1613\"><p><strong>QCM 21 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelle pand\u00e9mie a mis en lumi\u00e8re la fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement globales ?<\/p><ol><li>Grippe espagnole<\/li><li>SARS<\/li><li>COVID-19 \u2705<\/li><li>Ebola<\/li><li>Zika<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 22 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelle est la principale cause des perturbations dans les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>D\u00e9veloppement des \u00e9nergies fossiles<\/li><li>Concentration g\u00e9ographique des ressources \u2705<\/li><li>Croissance rapide des march\u00e9s locaux<\/li><li>Manque de transport maritime<\/li><li>Exc\u00e8s de production mondiale<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 23 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelles solutions peuvent att\u00e9nuer les vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement ?<\/p><ol><li>Diversification des sources \u2705<\/li><li>Suppression des taxes d\u2019importation<\/li><li>Exploitation illimit\u00e9e des gisements<\/li><li>Augmentation des subventions agricoles<\/li><li>R\u00e9duction des investissements dans le recyclage<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 24 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel pays produit plus de 60 % du cobalt mondial ?<\/p><ol><li>Australie<\/li><li>\u00c9tats-Unis<\/li><li>R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo \u2705<\/li><li>Chine<\/li><li>Russie<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 25 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Pourquoi les min\u00e9raux critiques posent-ils des d\u00e9fis logistiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Leur extraction est toujours locale.<\/li><li>Ils n\u00e9cessitent des infrastructures sp\u00e9cifiques pour leur transport. \u2705<\/li><li>Ils ne sont pas utilis\u00e9s en dehors de leur r\u00e9gion d\u2019extraction.<\/li><li>Leur stockage est interdit dans certains pays.<\/li><li>Ils ne peuvent pas \u00eatre transport\u00e9s par avion.<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 26 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel min\u00e9ral, crucial pour les batteries, a \u00e9t\u00e9 bloqu\u00e9 en Afrique du Sud pendant la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 ?<\/p><ol><li>Lithium<\/li><li>Cobalt \u2705<\/li><li>Nickel<\/li><li>Cuivre<\/li><li>Or<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 27 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel terme d\u00e9crit les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement capables de r\u00e9sister aux perturbations ?<\/p><ol><li>R\u00e9silientes \u2705<\/li><li>Redondantes<\/li><li>Localis\u00e9es<\/li><li>Exclusives<\/li><li>Temporaires<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 28 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel facteur environnemental complique souvent l\u2019exploitation des gisements min\u00e9raux ?<\/p><ol><li>Manque de technologies modernes<\/li><li>D\u00e9forestation et pollution des eaux \u2705<\/li><li>Croissance \u00e9conomique locale<\/li><li>Disponibilit\u00e9 de la main-d&#8217;\u0153uvre<\/li><li>Restrictions internationales<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 29 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelle approche peut renforcer les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement ?<\/p><ol><li>Utilisation de combustibles fossiles<\/li><li>Coop\u00e9ration internationale \u2705<\/li><li>Nationalisation des gisements<\/li><li>Suppression des taxes environnementales<\/li><li>R\u00e9duction des normes de qualit\u00e9<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 30 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel continent est le principal fournisseur de cobalt brut ?<\/p><ol><li>Am\u00e9rique du Nord<\/li><li>Asie<\/li><li>Afrique \u2705<\/li><li>Europe<\/li><li>Am\u00e9rique du Sud<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91ebf94\" data-id=\"91ebf94\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-705714f elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"705714f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">QCM 31-40<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1171\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1171\"><p><strong>QCM 31 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelle strat\u00e9gie les \u00c9tats-Unis utilisent-ils pour r\u00e9duire leur d\u00e9pendance aux importations de min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>D\u00e9velopper leurs capacit\u00e9s de recyclage \u2705<\/li><li>Ignorer le probl\u00e8me de d\u00e9pendance<\/li><li>Acheter uniquement aupr\u00e8s de la Chine<\/li><li>Supprimer les normes environnementales<\/li><li>Concentrer la production sur les \u00e9nergies fossiles<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 32 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelle est la principale initiative europ\u00e9enne pour s\u00e9curiser les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Alliance europ\u00e9enne des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res \u2705<\/li><li>D\u00e9pendance accrue aux \u00c9tats-Unis<\/li><li>Abandon des normes environnementales<\/li><li>Mise en \u0153uvre de quotas d&#8217;exportation<\/li><li>Adoption de nouvelles taxes sur l\u2019importation<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 33 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quels sont les piliers de la strat\u00e9gie japonaise pour s\u00e9curiser l&#8217;approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Stockage strat\u00e9gique, innovation et partenariats internationaux \u2705<\/li><li>Renoncer aux investissements \u00e9trangers<\/li><li>Adopter des quotas d&#8217;importation uniquement<\/li><li>Se focaliser sur les \u00e9nergies fossiles<\/li><li>Fermer les installations locales<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 34 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel projet minier am\u00e9ricain a \u00e9t\u00e9 relanc\u00e9 pour produire des terres rares ?<\/p><ol><li>Mountain Pass \u2705<\/li><li>Cerro Rico<\/li><li>Kiruna<\/li><li>Bayan Obo<\/li><li>Olympic Dam<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 35 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel pays europ\u00e9en m\u00e8ne un projet d\u2019extraction de lithium ?<\/p><ol><li>R\u00e9publique tch\u00e8que \u2705<\/li><li>Allemagne<\/li><li>Italie<\/li><li>Espagne<\/li><li>Belgique<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 36 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Comment l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne favorise-t-elle l\u2019autonomie strat\u00e9gique dans les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement ?<\/p><ol><li>En augmentant le recyclage et l&#8217;\u00e9conomie circulaire \u2705<\/li><li>En supprimant toutes les normes environnementales<\/li><li>En abandonnant les projets miniers locaux<\/li><li>En limitant les importations de min\u00e9raux critiques<\/li><li>En adoptant une strat\u00e9gie militaire<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 37 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelle organisation japonaise joue un r\u00f4le central dans l\u2019investissement minier international ?<\/p><ol><li>JOGMEC \u2705<\/li><li>ASEAN<\/li><li>Banque mondiale<\/li><li>Green Alliance<\/li><li>ADB<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 38 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Pourquoi l\u2019innovation est-elle essentielle dans les strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies ?<\/p><ol><li>R\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance aux importations \u2705<\/li><li>\u00c9liminer les co\u00fbts des projets locaux<\/li><li>Augmenter la taxation des \u00e9nergies fossiles<\/li><li>Remplacer les \u00e9nergies renouvelables par le charbon<\/li><li>Abandonner les normes de recyclage<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 39 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel pays est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un leader dans le recyclage des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Japon \u2705<\/li><li>Australie<\/li><li>Br\u00e9sil<\/li><li>Chine<\/li><li>\u00c9tats-Unis<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 40 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quels avantages \u00e9conomiques sont associ\u00e9s aux alliances internationales pour les min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Partage des technologies et diversification des sources \u2705<\/li><li>Diminution de la concurrence \u00e9conomique<\/li><li>Concentration des capacit\u00e9s dans un seul pays<\/li><li>Augmentation des subventions fossiles<\/li><li>R\u00e9duction des normes environnementales<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">QCM 41-50<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1172\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1172\"><p><strong>QCM 41 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel pays est en rivalit\u00e9 g\u00e9opolitique directe avec les \u00c9tats-Unis concernant les min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Chine \u2705<\/li><li>Japon<\/li><li>Australie<\/li><li>Inde<\/li><li>Allemagne<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 42 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel obstacle majeur limite la coop\u00e9ration internationale sur les min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Divergences d&#8217;int\u00e9r\u00eats nationaux \u2705<\/li><li>Disponibilit\u00e9 excessive des ressources<\/li><li>Faibles co\u00fbts d&#8217;extraction<\/li><li>Int\u00e9r\u00eat limit\u00e9 pour les technologies d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre<\/li><li>Abandon des normes technologiques<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 43 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel est l&#8217;objectif principal des partenariats internationaux sur les min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Assurer une exploitation durable et responsable \u2705<\/li><li>R\u00e9duire les taxes environnementales<\/li><li>Renforcer les monopoles industriels<\/li><li>Supprimer les investissements publics<\/li><li>Promouvoir les \u00e9nergies fossiles<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 44 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quels facteurs freinent les pays riches en ressources dans leur participation aux cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement globales ?<\/p><ol><li>Instabilit\u00e9 politique et manque d\u2019infrastructures \u2705<\/li><li>Syst\u00e8mes d&#8217;extraction avanc\u00e9s<\/li><li>Capacit\u00e9s technologiques excessives<\/li><li>R\u00e9serves inaccessibles<\/li><li>Normes internationales trop strictes<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 45 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelle initiative am\u00e9ricaine favorise la gouvernance des ressources \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques ?<\/p><ol><li>ERGI \u2705<\/li><li>ASEAN<\/li><li>CEDEAO<\/li><li>OMC<\/li><li>APEC<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 46 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Comment l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne limite-t-elle sa d\u00e9pendance aux importations de min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>En d\u00e9veloppant des projets miniers locaux et en renfor\u00e7ant l\u2019\u00e9conomie circulaire \u2705<\/li><li>En augmentant la taxation des ressources fossiles<\/li><li>En abandonnant ses normes industrielles<\/li><li>En collaborant uniquement avec la Chine<\/li><li>En supprimant les normes environnementales<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 47 (Niveau 3)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quels types de normes internationales pourraient am\u00e9liorer l\u2019exploitation des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Normes \u00e9thiques et environnementales \u2705<\/li><li>Suppression des taxes commerciales<\/li><li>Accords bilat\u00e9raux obligatoires<\/li><li>Normes minimales de rentabilit\u00e9<\/li><li>Interdiction des partenariats publics-priv\u00e9s<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 48 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel est le principal d\u00e9fi de l\u2019approvisionnement mondial en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Concentration des capacit\u00e9s de traitement \u2705<\/li><li>Surabondance des r\u00e9serves<\/li><li>Faible demande<\/li><li>Facilit\u00e9s logistiques excessives<\/li><li>Abandon des r\u00e9glementations<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 49 (Niveau 2)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quelle strat\u00e9gie permettrait de limiter les rivalit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques dans le domaine des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Coop\u00e9ration multilat\u00e9rale renforc\u00e9e \u2705<\/li><li>Nationalisation des ressources<\/li><li>Abandon des subventions pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables<\/li><li>R\u00e9duction des projets miniers<\/li><li>Supprimer les normes environnementales<\/li><\/ol><p><strong>QCM 50 (Niveau 1)<\/strong><\/p><p>Quel est l&#8217;objectif final des strat\u00e9gies sur les min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p><ol><li>Soutenir la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale \u2705<\/li><li>D\u00e9velopper uniquement les \u00e9nergies fossiles<\/li><li>Abandonner les technologies d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre<\/li><li>R\u00e9duire les co\u00fbts industriels \u00e0 tout prix<\/li><\/ol><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d424c04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"d424c04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9e7c249\" data-id=\"9e7c249\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05d75e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05d75e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quiz<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f9729c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7f9729c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec43788 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"ec43788\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2bc0e78\" data-id=\"2bc0e78\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab61931 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ab61931\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"917\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/autoeval-mont-917x1024.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3937\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/autoeval-mont-917x1024.jpg 917w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/autoeval-mont-269x300.jpg 269w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/autoeval-mont-768x857.jpg 768w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/autoeval-mont.jpg 1376w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 917px) 100vw, 917px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-38c0fc9\" data-id=\"38c0fc9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aecc4e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aecc4e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong class=\"ays-quiz-shortcode-box\" title=\"\" data-toggle=\"tooltip\" data-original-title=\"Cliquer pour copier.\">\n            <div class='ays-quiz-container ays_quiz_classic_light   ays-quiz-keyboard-active' data-quest-effect='none'  data-hide-bg-image='false' id='ays-quiz-container-7'>\n                \n                \n                <div class='ays-questions-container'>\n                    \n                    \n                    \n                    <form action='' method='post' id='ays_finish_quiz_7' \n                        class='ays-quiz-form  enable_questions_result '\n                    >\n            <input type='hidden' value='list' class='answer_view_class'>\n            <input type='hidden' value='' class='ays_qm_enable_arrows'><section  class='ays_quiz_timer_container'>\n                <div class='ays-quiz-timer ays-quiz-message-before-timer' data-timer='450'><p>Ce quiz comporte 15 QCM.<br \/>\nUne ou plusieurs r\u00e9ponses sont exactes pour chaque QCM.<br \/>\nUn score minimum de 75% de r\u00e9ponses exactes est requis.<br \/>\nLe temps imparti est de 7 minutes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                <div class='ays-quiz-after-timer '><p>Le temps imparti est \u00e9coul\u00e9<\/p>\n<\/div>\n                <hr style='height:1px;'>\n            <\/section>\n            \n            \n            <div class='step active-step'>\n                <div class='ays-abs-fs ays-start-page'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-fs-title'>G\u00e9opolitique des min\u00e9raux critiques et enjeux des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-fs-subtitle'><\/div>\n                    <input type='hidden' name='ays_quiz_id' value='7'\/>\n                    <input type='hidden' name='ays_quiz_finish_nonce' value='fd2e158c5d'>\n                    <input type='hidden' name='ays_quiz_curent_page_link' class='ays-quiz-curent-page-link' value='https:\/\/echonews.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpages%2F4647'\/>\n                    <input type='hidden' name='ays_quiz_questions' value='147,179,153,189,156,149,155,184,175,190,144,158,145,191,148'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <input type='button'   class='ays_next start_button action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active' value='D\u00e9marrer' data-enable-leave-page=\"false\" \/>\n                    \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='147' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>1 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quels d\u00e9fis environnementaux sont associ\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019extraction des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-147]' id='ays-answer-680-7' value='680'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-680-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Contamination des sols<\/label><label for='ays-answer-680-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-147]' id='ays-answer-682-7' value='682'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-682-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Exploitation mini\u00e8re sans d\u00e9chets<\/label><label for='ays-answer-682-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-147]' id='ays-answer-683-7' value='683'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-683-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>R\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de CO\u2082<\/label><label for='ays-answer-683-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-147]' id='ays-answer-684-7' value='684'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-684-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Pr\u00e9servation des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes<\/label><label for='ays-answer-684-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-147]' id='ays-answer-681-7' value='681'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-681-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>R\u00e9duction de l\u2019empreinte carbone<\/label><label for='ays-answer-681-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['147'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='179' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>2 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Pourquoi l\u2019innovation est-elle essentielle dans les strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-179]' id='ays-answer-843-7' value='843'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-843-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Remplacer les \u00e9nergies renouvelables par le charbon<\/label><label for='ays-answer-843-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-179]' id='ays-answer-841-7' value='841'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-841-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>\u00c9liminer les co\u00fbts des projets locaux<\/label><label for='ays-answer-841-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-179]' id='ays-answer-840-7' value='840'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-840-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>R\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance aux importations<\/label><label for='ays-answer-840-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-179]' id='ays-answer-842-7' value='842'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-842-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Augmenter la taxation des \u00e9nergies fossiles<\/label><label for='ays-answer-842-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-179]' id='ays-answer-844-7' value='844'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-844-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Abandonner les normes de recyclage<\/label><label for='ays-answer-844-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['179'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='153' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>3 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Pourquoi la Chine domine-t-elle les cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-153]' id='ays-answer-714-7' value='714'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-714-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Parce qu\u2019elle investit massivement dans l\u2019\u00e9nergie fossile.<\/label><label for='ays-answer-714-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-153]' id='ays-answer-712-7' value='712'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-712-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Parce qu\u2019elle poss\u00e8de tous les gisements mondiaux.<\/label><label for='ays-answer-712-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-153]' id='ays-answer-710-7' value='710'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-710-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ses riches ressources naturelles uniquement.<\/label><label for='ays-answer-710-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-153]' id='ays-answer-711-7' value='711'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-711-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>En raison d\u2019une longue strat\u00e9gie industrielle et d\u2019un contr\u00f4le de la transformation en aval.<\/label><label for='ays-answer-711-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-153]' id='ays-answer-713-7' value='713'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-713-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des partenariats avec l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne.<\/label><label for='ays-answer-713-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['153'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='189' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>4 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quel est le principal d\u00e9fi de l\u2019approvisionnement mondial en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-189]' id='ays-answer-890-7' value='890'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-890-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Concentration des capacit\u00e9s de traitement<\/label><label for='ays-answer-890-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-189]' id='ays-answer-893-7' value='893'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-893-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Facilit\u00e9s logistiques excessives<\/label><label for='ays-answer-893-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-189]' id='ays-answer-891-7' value='891'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-891-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Surabondance des r\u00e9serves<\/label><label for='ays-answer-891-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-189]' id='ays-answer-894-7' value='894'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-894-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Abandon des r\u00e9glementations<\/label><label for='ays-answer-894-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-189]' id='ays-answer-892-7' value='892'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-892-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Faible demande<\/label><label for='ays-answer-892-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['189'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='156' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>5 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Dans quelle mesure la Chine influence-t-elle le raffinage mondial de cobalt ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-156]' id='ays-answer-727-7' value='727'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-727-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>60 %<\/label><label for='ays-answer-727-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-156]' id='ays-answer-729-7' value='729'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-729-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>80 %<\/label><label for='ays-answer-729-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-156]' id='ays-answer-725-7' value='725'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-725-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>40 %<\/label><label for='ays-answer-725-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-156]' id='ays-answer-728-7' value='728'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-728-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>72 %<\/label><label for='ays-answer-728-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-156]' id='ays-answer-726-7' value='726'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-726-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>50 %<\/label><label for='ays-answer-726-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['156'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='149' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>6 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Pourquoi les terres rares sont-elles difficiles \u00e0 extraire ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-149]' id='ays-answer-693-7' value='693'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-693-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Elles sont toujours m\u00e9lang\u00e9es au lithium.<\/label><label for='ays-answer-693-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-149]' id='ays-answer-691-7' value='691'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-691-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Leur extraction n\u00e9cessite des processus chimiques complexes.<\/label><label for='ays-answer-691-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-149]' id='ays-answer-690-7' value='690'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-690-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Elles sont extr\u00eamement rares dans la nature.<\/label><label for='ays-answer-690-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-149]' id='ays-answer-692-7' value='692'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-692-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Elles ne peuvent pas \u00eatre recycl\u00e9es.<\/label><label for='ays-answer-692-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-149]' id='ays-answer-694-7' value='694'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-694-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Leur extraction est interdite par les lois internationales.<\/label><label for='ays-answer-694-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['149'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='155' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>7 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quels sont les principaux avantages de la Chine dans la transformation des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-155]' id='ays-answer-722-7' value='722'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-722-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Monopole sur l&#039;extraction mondiale<\/label><label for='ays-answer-722-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-155]' id='ays-answer-721-7' value='721'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-721-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Co\u00fbts de main-d&#039;\u0153uvre faibles et infrastructure industrielle avanc\u00e9e<\/label><label for='ays-answer-721-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-155]' id='ays-answer-720-7' value='720'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-720-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Normes environnementales rigoureuses et haute technologie<\/label><label for='ays-answer-720-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-155]' id='ays-answer-724-7' value='724'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-724-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Absence de rivalit\u00e9 g\u00e9opolitique<\/label><label for='ays-answer-724-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-155]' id='ays-answer-723-7' value='723'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-723-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Soutien exclusif des institutions internationales<\/label><label for='ays-answer-723-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['155'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='184' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>8 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quel est l&#8217;objectif principal des partenariats internationaux sur les min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-184]' id='ays-answer-867-7' value='867'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-867-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Renforcer les monopoles industriels<\/label><label for='ays-answer-867-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-184]' id='ays-answer-869-7' value='869'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-869-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Promouvoir les \u00e9nergies fossiles<\/label><label for='ays-answer-869-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-184]' id='ays-answer-866-7' value='866'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-866-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>R\u00e9duire les taxes environnementales<\/label><label for='ays-answer-866-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-184]' id='ays-answer-868-7' value='868'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-868-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Supprimer les investissements publics<\/label><label for='ays-answer-868-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-184]' id='ays-answer-865-7' value='865'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-865-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Assurer une exploitation durable et responsable<\/label><label for='ays-answer-865-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['184'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='175' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>9 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quel projet minier am\u00e9ricain a \u00e9t\u00e9 relanc\u00e9 pour produire des terres rares ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-175]' id='ays-answer-822-7' value='822'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-822-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Kiruna<\/label><label for='ays-answer-822-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-175]' id='ays-answer-823-7' value='823'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-823-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Bayan Obo<\/label><label for='ays-answer-823-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-175]' id='ays-answer-820-7' value='820'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-820-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Mountain Pass<\/label><label for='ays-answer-820-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-175]' id='ays-answer-821-7' value='821'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-821-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Cerro Rico<\/label><label for='ays-answer-821-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-175]' id='ays-answer-824-7' value='824'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-824-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Olympic Dam<\/label><label for='ays-answer-824-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['175'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='190' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>10 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quelle strat\u00e9gie permettrait de limiter les rivalit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques dans le domaine des min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-190]' id='ays-answer-896-7' value='896'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-896-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Nationalisation des ressources<\/label><label for='ays-answer-896-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-190]' id='ays-answer-899-7' value='899'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-899-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Supprimer les normes environnementales<\/label><label for='ays-answer-899-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-190]' id='ays-answer-895-7' value='895'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-895-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Coop\u00e9ration multilat\u00e9rale renforc\u00e9e<\/label><label for='ays-answer-895-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-190]' id='ays-answer-898-7' value='898'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-898-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>R\u00e9duction des projets miniers<\/label><label for='ays-answer-898-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-190]' id='ays-answer-897-7' value='897'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-897-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Abandon des subventions pour les \u00e9nergies renouvelables<\/label><label for='ays-answer-897-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['190'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='144' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>11 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quels crit\u00e8res d\u00e9finissent un min\u00e9ral critique ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-144]' id='ays-answer-668-7' value='668'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-668-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Extraction facile et rapide<\/label><label for='ays-answer-668-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-144]' id='ays-answer-667-7' value='667'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-667-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Usage exclusif dans l\u2019industrie p\u00e9troli\u00e8re<\/label><label for='ays-answer-667-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-144]' id='ays-answer-669-7' value='669'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-669-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Utilisation limit\u00e9e dans les \u00e9nergies renouvelables<\/label><label for='ays-answer-669-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-144]' id='ays-answer-665-7' value='665'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-665-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Abondance et faible co\u00fbt<\/label><label for='ays-answer-665-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-144]' id='ays-answer-666-7' value='666'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-666-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Importance \u00e9conomique et risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019approvisionnement<\/label><label for='ays-answer-666-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['144'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='158' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>12 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quelles sont les strat\u00e9gies de la Chine pour s\u00e9curiser l\u2019approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-158]' id='ays-answer-737-7' value='737'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-737-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Collaboration avec les entreprises am\u00e9ricaines<\/label><label for='ays-answer-737-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-158]' id='ays-answer-736-7' value='736'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-736-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>R\u00e9duction de l\u2019utilisation des terres rares<\/label><label for='ays-answer-736-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-158]' id='ays-answer-735-7' value='735'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-735-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Investissements dans les mines \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger<\/label><label for='ays-answer-735-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-158]' id='ays-answer-739-7' value='739'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-739-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Abandon des technologies propres<\/label><label for='ays-answer-739-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-158]' id='ays-answer-738-7' value='738'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-738-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Financement de recherches sur les substituts<\/label><label for='ays-answer-738-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['158'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='145' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>13 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quel organisme pr\u00e9dit une augmentation de 450 % de la demande de certains min\u00e9raux d\u2019ici 2050 ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-145]' id='ays-answer-670-7' value='670'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-670-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Organisation mondiale du commerce<\/label><label for='ays-answer-670-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-145]' id='ays-answer-671-7' value='671'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-671-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Banque mondiale<\/label><label for='ays-answer-671-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-145]' id='ays-answer-673-7' value='673'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-673-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Agence internationale de l\u2019\u00e9nergie<\/label><label for='ays-answer-673-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-145]' id='ays-answer-674-7' value='674'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-674-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Fonds mon\u00e9taire international<\/label><label for='ays-answer-674-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-145]' id='ays-answer-672-7' value='672'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-672-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Nations unies<\/label><label for='ays-answer-672-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['145'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='191' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>14 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quel est l&#8217;objectif final des strat\u00e9gies sur les min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-191]' id='ays-answer-904-7' value='904'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-904-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Favoriser les monopoles industriels<\/label><label for='ays-answer-904-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-191]' id='ays-answer-902-7' value='902'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-902-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Abandonner les technologies d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre<\/label><label for='ays-answer-902-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-191]' id='ays-answer-901-7' value='901'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-901-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>D\u00e9velopper uniquement les \u00e9nergies fossiles<\/label><label for='ays-answer-901-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-191]' id='ays-answer-903-7' value='903'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-903-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>R\u00e9duire les co\u00fbts industriels \u00e0 tout prix<\/label><label for='ays-answer-903-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-191]' id='ays-answer-900-7' value='900'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-900-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Soutenir la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale<\/label><label for='ays-answer-900-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['191'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                        \n                        <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_right ays_next action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                        <input type='button' class='ays_next action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active ' value='Suivant' \/>\n                    <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ' data-question-id='148' data-type='checkbox'>\n                    \n                    \n                    <p class='ays-question-counter animated'>15 \/ 15<\/p>\n                    <div class='ays-abs-fs'>\n                        \n                        <div class='ays_quiz_question'>\n                                <p>Quels pays dominent la production de lithium ?<\/p>\n\n                            <\/div>\n                            \n                        <div class='ays-quiz-answers ays_list_view_container  '>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-148]' id='ays-answer-687-7' value='687'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-687-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Chine et Japon<\/label><label for='ays-answer-687-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-148]' id='ays-answer-688-7' value='688'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-688-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Russie et Ukraine<\/label><label for='ays-answer-688-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-148]' id='ays-answer-685-7' value='685'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-685-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>\u00c9tats-Unis et Canada<\/label><label for='ays-answer-685-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-148]' id='ays-answer-689-7' value='689'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-689-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Br\u00e9sil et Afrique du Sud<\/label><label for='ays-answer-689-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div>\n            <div class='ays-field ays_list_view_item ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0' >\n                <input type='hidden' name='ays_answer_correct[]' value='0'\/>\n\n                <input type='checkbox' name='ays_questions[ays-question-148]' id='ays-answer-686-7' value='686'\/>\n\n                <label for='ays-answer-686-7' class='  ays_position_initial  ays-quiz-keyboard-label'>Chili, Argentine et Australie<\/label><label for='ays-answer-686-7' class='ays_answer_image ays_answer_image_class ays_empty_before_content'><\/label>\n\n            <\/div><script>\n            if(typeof window.quizOptions_7 === 'undefined'){\n                window.quizOptions_7 = [];\n            }\n            window.quizOptions_7['148'] = 'W10=';<\/script><\/div>                        \n                        \n                        \n                        <div class='ays_buttons_div'>\n                            \n                            <i class=\"ays_fa ays_fa_arrow_left ays_previous action-button ays_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active ays_display_none\" tabindex='0'><\/i>\n                            <input type='button' class='ays_previous action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active '  value='Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent' \/>\n                            <i class='ays_display_none ays_fa ays_fa_flag_checkered ays_finish action-button ays_arrow ays_next_arrow ays-quiz-keyboard-active' tabindex='0'><\/i><input type='submit' name='ays_finish_quiz' class='  ays_next ays_finish action-button ays-quiz-keyboard-active' value='Voir le r\u00e9sultat'\/>\n                        <\/div>\n                        \n                        <div class='wrong_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='right_answer_text ays_do_not_show' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays_questtion_explanation' style='display:none'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>\n                        <div class='ays-quiz-additonal-box'>\n                            \n                        <\/div>   \n                        \n                        \n                    <\/div>\n                <\/div><div class='step ays_thank_you_fs'>\n            <div class='ays-abs-fs ays-end-page'><div data-class='lds-ellipsis' data-role='loader' class='ays-loader'><div><\/div><div><\/div><div><\/div><div><\/div><\/div><div class='ays_quiz_results_page'><div class='ays_score_message'><\/div><div class='ays_message'><\/div><p class='ays_score ays_score_display_none animated'>Your score is<\/p><p class='ays_average'>The average score is 0%<\/p><div class='ays-progress third'>\n                <span class='ays-progress-value third'>0%<\/span>\n                <div class='ays-progress-bg third'>\n                    <div class='ays-progress-bar third' style='width:0%;'><\/div>\n                <\/div>\n            <\/div><p class='ays_restart_button_p'><button type='button' class='action-button ays_restart_button ays-quiz-keyboard-active'>\n                    <i class='ays_fa ays_fa_undo'><\/i>\n                    <span>Relancer le quiz<\/span>\n                <\/button><\/p><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div><style>\n            div#ays-quiz-container-7 * {\n                box-sizing: border-box;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 [id^='ays_finish_quiz_'] div.step div.ays-abs-fs {\n                width: 90%;\n            }\n\n            \/* Styles for Internet Explorer start *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 {\n                \n            }\n\n            \/* Styles for Quiz container *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7{\n                min-height: 400px;\n                width:800px;\n                background-color:#fff;\n                background-position:center center;border-radius:8px;box-shadow: none;border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: #000;}\n\n            \/* Styles for questions *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 div.step {\n                min-height: 400px;\n            }\n\n            \/* Styles for text inside quiz container *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-start-page *:not(input):not([class^='enlighter']),\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_question_hint,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 label[for^=\"ays-answer-\"],\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 p,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays-fs-title,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-fs-subtitle,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .logged_in_message,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_score_message,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_message{\n               color: #000000;\n               outline: none;\n            }\n\n            div#ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_question_hint.ays-quiz-keyboard-active,\n            div#ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_restart_button.ays-quiz-keyboard-active {\n                outline: revert;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-password-message-box,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-question-note-message-box,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_question,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-question-category-box,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_question *:not([class^='enlighter']) {\n                color: #000000;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-question-category-box em {\n                color: #000000;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 textarea,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 input::first-letter,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 select::first-letter,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 option::first-letter {\n                color: initial !important;\n            }\n            \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 p::first-letter:not(.ays_no_questions_message) {\n                color: #000000 !important;\n                background-color: transparent !important;\n                font-size: inherit !important;\n                font-weight: inherit !important;\n                float: none !important;\n                line-height: inherit !important;\n                margin: 0 !important;\n                padding: 0 !important;\n            }\n            \n            \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .select2-container,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field * {\n                font-size: 15px !important;\n            }\n    \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_question p {\n                font-size: 16px;\n                text-align: inherit;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-fs-subtitle p {\n                text-align:  center ;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_question {\n                text-align:  center ;\n                margin-bottom: 10px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_question pre {\n                max-width: 100%;\n                white-space: break-spaces;\n            }\n\n            \/* Mango theme (Version: 1.4.202301041836) | tid=32449 | Start *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_question img {\n                float: unset;\n                margin: 0;\n            }\n            \/* Mango theme (Version: 1.4.202301041836) | End *\/\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-timer p {\n                font-size: 16px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 section.ays_quiz_redirection_timer_container hr,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 section.ays_quiz_timer_container hr {\n                margin: 0;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 section.ays_quiz_timer_container.ays_quiz_timer_red_warning .ays-quiz-timer {\n                color: #ff0000;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_thank_you_fs p {\n                text-align: center;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_results_page .ays_score span {\n                visibility: visible;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 input[type='button'],\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 input[type='submit'] {\n                color: #ffffff !important;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 input[type='button']{\n                outline: none;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .information_form input[type='text'],\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .information_form input[type='url'],\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .information_form input[type='number'],\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .information_form input[type='email'],\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .information_form input[type='checkbox'],\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .information_form input[type='tel'],\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .information_form textarea,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .information_form select,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .information_form option {\n                color: initial !important;\n                outline: none;\n                background-image: unset;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .wrong_answer_text{\n                color:#ff4d4d;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .right_answer_text{\n                color:#33cc33;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .wrong_answer_text p {\n                font-size:15px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_questtion_explanation p {\n                font-size:15px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .wrong_answer_text *:not(strong) {\n                text-transform:none;\n                text-decoration: none;\n                letter-spacing: 0px;\n                font-weight: normal;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_questtion_explanation *:not(strong) {\n                text-transform:none;\n                text-decoration: none;\n                letter-spacing: 0px;\n                font-weight: normal;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .right_answer_text *:not(strong) {\n                text-transform:none;\n                text-decoration: none;\n                letter-spacing: 0px;\n                font-weight: normal;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .right_answer_text p {\n                font-size:15px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-question-note-message-box p {\n                font-size:14px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-question-note-message-box *:not(strong) {\n                text-transform:none;\n                text-decoration: none;\n                letter-spacing: 0px;\n                font-weight: normal;\n            }\n            \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_cb_and_a,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_cb_and_a * {\n                color: rgb(0,0,0);\n                text-align: center;\n            }\n\n            \/* Quiz textarea height *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 textarea {\n                height: 100px;\n                min-height: 100px;\n            }\n\n            \/* Quiz rate and passed users count *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quizn_ancnoxneri_qanak,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_rete_avg {\n                color:#fff !important;\n                background-color:#000000;   \n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-questions-container > .ays_quizn_ancnoxneri_qanak {\n                padding: 5px 20px;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.for_quiz_rate.ui.star.rating .icon {\n                color: rgba(0,0,0,0.35);\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_rete_avg div.for_quiz_rate_avg.ui.star.rating .icon {\n                color: rgba(255,255,255,0.5);\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_rete .ays-quiz-rate-link-box .ays-quiz-rate-link {\n                color: #000000;\n            }\n\n            \/* Loaders *\/            \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.lds-spinner,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.lds-spinner2 {\n                color: #000000;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.lds-spinner div:after,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.lds-spinner2 div:after {\n                background-color: #000000;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .lds-circle,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .lds-facebook div,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .lds-ellipsis div{\n                background: #000000;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .lds-ripple div{\n                border-color: #000000;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .lds-dual-ring::after,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .lds-hourglass::after{\n                border-color: #000000 transparent #000000 transparent;\n            }\n\n            \/* Stars *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ui.rating .icon,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ui.rating .icon:before {\n                font-family: Rating !important;\n            }\n\n            \/* Progress bars *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays-progress {\n                border-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.8);\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays-progress-bg {\n                background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\n            }    \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-progress-value {\n                color: #000000;\n                text-align: center;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-progress-bar {\n                background-color: #449aba;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-question-counter .ays-live-bar-wrap {\n                direction:ltr !important;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-live-bar-fill{\n                color: #000000;\n                border-bottom: 2px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.8);\n                text-shadow: 0px 0px 5px #fff;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-live-bar-fill.ays-live-fourth,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-live-bar-fill.ays-live-third,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-live-bar-fill.ays-live-second {\n                text-shadow: unset;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-live-bar-percent{\n                display:none;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays_average {\n                text-align: center;\n            }\n            \n            \/* Music, Sound *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_music_sound {\n                color:rgb(0,0,0);\n            }\n\n            \/* Dropdown questions scroll bar *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 blockquote {\n                border-left-color: #000000 !important;                                      \n            }\n\n            \/* Quiz Password *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-start-page > input[id^='ays_quiz_password_val_'],\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-password-toggle-visibility-box {\n                width: 100%;\n            }\n\n\n            \/* Question hint *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_question_hint_container .ays_question_hint_text {\n                background-color:#fff;\n                box-shadow: 0 0 15px 3px rgba(201,201,201,0.6);\n                max-width: 270px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_question_hint_container .ays_question_hint_text p {\n                max-width: unset;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-additonal-box {\n                display: flex;\n                justify-content: flex-end;\n                align-items: center;\n                position: relative;  \n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_questions_hint_max_width_class {\n                max-width: 80%;\n            }\n\n            \/* Information form *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-form-title{\n                color:rgb(0,0,0);\n            }\n\n            \/* Quiz timer *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.ays-quiz-redirection-timer,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.ays-quiz-timer{\n                color: #000000;\n                text-align: center;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.ays-quiz-timer.ays-quiz-message-before-timer:before {\n                font-weight: 500;\n            }\n\n            \/* Quiz title \/ transformation *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-fs-title{\n                text-transform: uppercase;\n                font-size: 23px;\n                text-align: center;\n                    text-shadow: none;\n            }\n            \n            \/* Quiz buttons *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_arrow {\n                color:#ffffff!important;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 input#ays-submit,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .action-button,\n            div#ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .action-button.ays_restart_button,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 + .ays-quiz-category-selective-main-container .ays-quiz-category-selective-restart-bttn,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-category-selective-submit-bttn {\n                background: none;\n                background-color: #449aba;\n                color:#ffffff;\n                font-size: 15px;\n                padding: 10px 20px;\n                border-radius: 8px;\n                height: auto;\n                letter-spacing: 0;\n                box-shadow: unset;\n                width: auto;\n                \/* border: unset; *\/\n                min-height: unset;\n                line-height: normal;\n                text-shadow: unset;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 input#ays-submit,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 input.action-button,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 + .ays-quiz-category-selective-main-container .ays-quiz-category-selective-restart-bttn,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-category-selective-submit-bttn {\n                \n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .action-button.ays_check_answer {\n                padding: 5px 10px;\n                font-size: 15px !important;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .action-button.ays_restart_button {\n                white-space: nowrap;\n                padding: 5px 10px;\n                white-space: normal;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 input#ays-submit:hover,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 input#ays-submit:focus,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .action-button:hover,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .action-button:focus,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 + .ays-quiz-category-selective-main-container .ays-quiz-category-selective-restart-bttn:hover,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-category-selective-submit-bttn:hover {\n                background: none;\n                box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #ffffff;\n                background-color: #449aba;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_restart_button {\n                color: #ffffff;\n            }\n            \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_restart_button_p,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_buttons_div {\n                justify-content: center;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_finish.action-button{\n                margin: 10px 5px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-share-btn.ays-share-btn-branded {\n                color: #fff;\n                display: inline-block;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_results .ays-field.checked_answer_div.correct_div input:checked+label {\n                background-color: transparent;\n            }\n                        \n            \/* Question answers *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field {\n                    border-color: #dddddd;\n                    border-style: solid;\n                    border-width: 1px;\n                    box-shadow: none;flex-direction: row-reverse;\n            }\n            \n\n            \/* Answer maximum length of a text field *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_question_text_message{\n                color: #000000;\n                text-align: left;\n                font-size: 12px;\n            }\n\n            div#ays-quiz-container-7 div.ays_quiz_question_text_error_message {\n                color: #ff0000;\n            }\n\n            \/* Questions answer image *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-answer-image {\n                width:15em;\n                height:150px;\n                object-fit: cover;\n            }\n            \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-answers .ays-field:hover{\n                opacity: 1;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays-field label.ays_answer_caption[for^='ays-answer-'] {\n                z-index: 1;\n                position:initial;bottom:0;}\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays-field input~label[for^='ays-answer-'] {\n                padding: 5px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays-field {\n                margin-bottom: 12px;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays-field.ays_grid_view_item {\n                width: calc(50% - 6px);\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays-field.ays_grid_view_item:nth-child(odd) {\n                margin-right: 6px;\n            }\n            \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays-field input:checked+label:before {\n                border-color: #449aba;\n                background: #449aba;\n                background-clip: content-box;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-answers div.ays-text-right-answer {\n                color: #000000;\n            }\n                        \n            \/* Questions answer right\/wrong icons *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field input~label.answered.correct:after{\n                content: url('https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-maker\/public\/images\/correct.png');          }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field input~label.answered.wrong:after{\n                content: url('https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/plugins\/quiz-maker\/public\/images\/wrong.png');\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field label.answered:last-of-type:after{\n                display: none;\n                height: auto;\n                left: 10px;top: 10px;}\n            \/* Dropdown questions *\/            \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single {\n                border-bottom: 2px solid #449aba;\n                background-color: #449aba;\n            }\n            \n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single .select2-selection__placeholder,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single .select2-selection__rendered,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single .select2-selection__arrow {\n                color: #ffffff;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .select2-container--default .select2-search--dropdown .select2-search__field:focus,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .select2-container--default .select2-search--dropdown .select2-search__field {\n                outline: unset;\n                padding: 0.75rem;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single .select2-selection__rendered,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .select2-container--default .select2-results__option--highlighted[aria-selected] {\n                background-color: #449aba;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .selection,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .dropdown-wrapper,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single .select2-selection__rendered,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single .select2-selection__rendered .select2-selection__placeholder,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single .select2-selection__arrow,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field .select2-container--default .select2-selection--single .select2-selection__arrow b[role='presentation'] {\n                font-size: 16px !important;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .select2-container--default .select2-results__option {\n                padding: 6px;\n            }\n            \n            \/* Dropdown questions scroll bar *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .select2-results__options::-webkit-scrollbar {\n                width: 7px;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .select2-results__options::-webkit-scrollbar-track {\n                background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.35);\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .select2-results__options::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {\n                transition: .3s ease-in-out;\n                background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.55);\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .select2-results__options::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb:hover {\n                transition: .3s ease-in-out;\n                background-color: rgba(0,0,0,0.85);\n            }\n\n            \/* Audio \/ Video *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .mejs-container .mejs-time{\n                box-sizing: unset;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .mejs-container .mejs-time-rail {\n                padding-top: 15px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .mejs-container .mejs-mediaelement video {\n                margin: 0;\n            }\n\n            \/* Limitation *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-limitation-count-of-takers {\n                padding: 50px;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.ays-quiz-results-toggle-block span.ays-show-res-toggle.ays-res-toggle-show,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.ays-quiz-results-toggle-block span.ays-show-res-toggle.ays-res-toggle-hide{\n                color: #000000;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.ays-quiz-results-toggle-block input:checked + label.ays_switch_toggle {\n                border: 1px solid #000000;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.ays-quiz-results-toggle-block input:checked + label.ays_switch_toggle {\n                border: 1px solid #000000;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 div.ays-quiz-results-toggle-block input:checked + label.ays_switch_toggle:after{\n                background: #000000;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_elegant_dark div.ays-quiz-results-toggle-block input:checked + label.ays_switch_toggle:after,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_rect_dark div.ays-quiz-results-toggle-block input:checked + label.ays_switch_toggle:after{\n                background: #000;\n            }\n\n            \/* Hestia theme (Version: 3.0.16) | Start *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .mejs-container .mejs-inner .mejs-controls .mejs-button > button:hover,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .mejs-container .mejs-inner .mejs-controls .mejs-button > button {\n                box-shadow: unset;\n                background-color: transparent;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .mejs-container .mejs-inner .mejs-controls .mejs-button > button {\n                margin: 10px 6px;\n            }\n            \/* Hestia theme (Version: 3.0.16) | End *\/\n\n            \/* Go theme (Version: 1.4.3) | Start *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 label[for^='ays-answer']:before,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 label[for^='ays-answer']:before {\n                -webkit-mask-image: unset;\n                mask-image: unset;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_light .ays-field input:checked+label.answered.correct:before,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_dark .ays-field input:checked+label.answered.correct:before {\n                background-color: #449aba !important;\n                background-color: rgba(39,174,96, 1) !important;\n            }\n            \/* Go theme (Version: 1.4.3) | End *\/\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_results fieldset.ays_fieldset .ays_quiz_question .wp-video {\n                width: 100% !important;\n                max-width: 100%;\n            }\n\n            \/* Classic Dark \/ Classic Light *\/\n            \/* Dropdown questions right\/wrong styles *\/\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_dark .correct_div,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_light .correct_div{\n                border-color:green !important;\n                opacity: 1 !important;\n                background-color: rgba(39,174,96,0.4) !important;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_dark .correct_div .selected-field,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_light .correct_div .selected-field {\n                padding: 0px 10px 0px 10px;\n                color: green !important;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_dark .wrong_div,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_light .wrong_div{\n                border-color:red !important;\n                opacity: 1 !important;\n                background-color: rgba(243,134,129,0.4) !important;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_dark .ays-field.checked_answer_div.wrong_div input:checked~label,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_light .ays-field.checked_answer_div.wrong_div input:checked~label {\n                background-color: rgba(243,134,129,0.4) !important;\n            }\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_dark .ays-field,\n            #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_light .ays-field {\n                text-align: left;\n                \/*margin-bottom: 10px;*\/\n                padding: 0;\n                transition: .3s ease-in-out;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-close-full-screen {\n                fill: #000000;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-open-full-screen {\n                fill: #000000;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_login_form p{\n                color: #000000;\n            }\n\n            \/* report questions modal start *\/\n            .ays-modal-reports {\n                display: none;\n                position: fixed;\n                z-index: 9999;\n                left: 0;\n                top: 0;\n                width: 100%;\n                height: 100%;\n                overflow: auto;\n                background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);\n                animation-duration: .5s;\n                background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-modal-content-reports {\n                background-color: #fefefe;\n                margin: 10% auto;\n                border: 1px solid #888;\n                max-width: 500px;\n                width: 100%;\n                border-radius: 10px;\n                padding: 20px;\n                box-sizing: border-box;\n                position: relative;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-modal-content-reports label{\n                display: block;\n                margin-bottom: 10px;\n                font-weight: bold;\n                letter-spacing: normal;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-modal-content-reports textarea {\n                display: block;\n                width: 100%;\n                height: 100px;\n                padding: 5px;\n                box-sizing: border-box;\n                border-radius: 5px;\n                border: 1px solid #ccc;\n                max-width: 100%;\n                max-height: 500px;\n                resize: vertical;\n                transition: unset;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-modal-content-reports input.ays-quiz-submit-question-report {\n                background-color: #0073aa;\n                color: #fff !important;\n                border: none;\n                border-radius: 5px;\n                padding: 10px 20px;\n                cursor: pointer;\n                margin-top: 20px;\n                line-height: normal;\n                letter-spacing: normal;\n                box-shadow: unset;\n                background-image: unset;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-close-reports-window {\n                color: #aaa;\n                font-weight: bold;\n                position: absolute;\n                top: 1%;\n                right: 1%;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-close-reports-window img {\n                box-shadow: unset;\n            }\n            \n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-quiz-preloader img {\n                box-shadow: unset;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-close-reports-window img:hover,\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-close-reports-window img:focus {\n                cursor: pointer;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-quiz-question-report-error {\n                display: none;\n                font-size: 13px;\n                color: #f00;\n                text-align: left;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-quiz-question-report-textarea-label,\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-quiz-question-report-title {\n                text-align: left;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays_quiz_modal_overlay {\n                width: 100%;\n                height: 100%;\n                position: fixed;\n                top: 0;\n                left: 0;\n                position: absolute;\n                z-index: 1000000000;\n                flex-direction: column;\n            }\n\n            #ays-quiz-question-report-modal-7 .ays-quiz-container .ays-quiz-user-c\u0570oosing-anonymous-assessment {\n                margin: 10px 0;\n            }\n\n            \/* report questions modal end *\/\n\n            @media screen and (max-width: 768px){\n                #ays-quiz-container-7{\n                    max-width: 100%;\n                }\n\n                div#ays-quiz-container-7 [id^='ays_finish_quiz_'] div.step div.ays-abs-fs {\n                    width: 90%;\n                }\n\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_quiz_question p {\n                    font-size: 16px;\n                }\n\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .select2-container,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field * {\n                    font-size: 13px !important;\n                }\n\n                div#ays-quiz-container-7 input#ays-submit,\n                div#ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .action-button,\n                div#ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .action-button.ays_restart_button,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 + .ays-quiz-category-selective-main-container .ays-quiz-category-selective-restart-bttn,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-category-selective-submit-bttn {\n                    font-size: 13px;\n                }\n\n                \/* Quiz title \/ mobile font size *\/\n                div#ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-fs-title {\n                    font-size: 13px;\n                }\n\n                \/* Question explanation \/ mobile font size *\/\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_questtion_explanation p {\n                    font-size:14px;\n                }\n\n                \/* Wrong answers \/ mobile font size *\/\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .wrong_answer_text p {\n                    font-size:14px;\n                }\n\n                \/* Right answers \/ mobile font size *\/\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .right_answer_text p {\n                    font-size:14px;\n                }\n\n                \/* Note text \/ mobile font size *\/\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-question-note-message-box p {\n                    font-size:14px;\n                }\n\n                div#ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-question-note-message-box *:not(strong) {\n                    text-transform:none;\n                    text-decoration: none;\n                    letter-spacing: 0px;\n                }\n\n                div#ays-quiz-container-7 .ays_questtion_explanation *:not(strong) {\n                    text-transform:none;\n                    text-decoration: none;\n                    letter-spacing: 0px;\n                }\n\n                div#ays-quiz-container-7 .right_answer_text *:not(strong) {\n                    text-transform:none;\n                    text-decoration: none;\n                    letter-spacing: 0px;\n                }\n\n                div#ays-quiz-container-7 .wrong_answer_text *:not(strong) {\n                    text-transform:none;\n                    text-decoration: none;\n                    letter-spacing: 0px;\n                }\n            }\n            \/* Custom css styles *\/\n            \n            \n            \/* RTL direction styles *\/\n            \n        <\/style>\n            <style>\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 p {\n                    margin: 0.625em;\n                }\n                \n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field.checked_answer_div input:checked~label {\n                    background-color: rgba(68,154,186,0.6);\n                }\n\n                #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_light  .ays_quiz_results .ays-field.checked_answer_div input:checked~label,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_dark  .ays_quiz_results .ays-field.checked_answer_div input:checked~label,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_light  .enable_correction .ays-field.checked_answer_div input:checked~label,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_dark  .enable_correction .ays-field.checked_answer_div input:checked~label {\n                    background-color: transparent;\n                }\n\n                #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_light  .ays_quiz_results .not_influence_to_score .ays-field.checked_answer_div input:checked~label,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_dark  .ays_quiz_results .not_influence_to_score .ays-field.checked_answer_div input:checked~label,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_light  .enable_correction .not_influence_to_score .ays-field.checked_answer_div input:checked~label,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7.ays_quiz_classic_dark  .enable_correction .not_influence_to_score .ays-field.checked_answer_div input:checked~label {\n                    background-color: rgba(68,154,186,0.6);\n                }\n                \n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field.checked_answer_div input:checked~label:hover {\n                    background-color: rgba(68,154,186,0.8);\n                }\n\n                #ays-quiz-container-7.ays-quiz-container.ays_quiz_classic_light .ays-questions-container .ays-field:hover label[for^='ays-answer-'],\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-field:hover{\n                    background: rgba(68,154,186,0.8);\n                    \/* border-radius: 4px; *\/\n                    color: #fff;\n                    transition: all .3s;\n                }\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .action-button:hover,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 #ays_finish_quiz_7 .action-button:focus,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 + .ays-quiz-category-selective-main-container .ays-quiz-category-selective-restart-bttn:hover,\n                #ays-quiz-container-7 .ays-quiz-category-selective-submit-bttn:focus {\n                    box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px white, 0 0 0 3px #449aba;\n                    background: #449aba;\n                }\n            <\/style><script>\n                if(typeof aysQuizOptions === 'undefined'){\n                    var aysQuizOptions = [];\n                }\n                aysQuizOptions['7']  = '{"quiz_version":"6.6.6.4","core_version":"6.5.5","php_version":"8.3.9","color":"#449aba","bg_color":"#fff","text_color":"#000000","height":400,"width":800,"enable_logged_users":"off","information_form":"disable","form_name":null,"form_email":null,"form_phone":null,"image_width":"","image_height":"","enable_correction":"off","enable_progress_bar":"on","enable_questions_result":"on","randomize_questions":"on","randomize_answers":"on","enable_questions_counter":"on","enable_restriction_pass":"off","restriction_pass_message":"","user_role":[],"custom_css":"","limit_users":"off","limitation_message":"","redirect_url":"","redirection_delay":0,"answers_view":"list","enable_rtl_direction":"off","enable_logged_users_message":"","questions_count":"15","enable_question_bank":"on","enable_live_progress_bar":"off","enable_percent_view":"off","enable_average_statistical":"on","enable_next_button":"on","enable_previous_button":"on","enable_arrows":"off","timer_text":"Ce quiz comporte 15 QCM.\r\nUne ou plusieurs r\u00e9ponses sont exactes pour chaque QCM.\r\nUn score minimum de 75% de r\u00e9ponses exactes est requis.\r\nLe temps imparti est de 7 minutes","quiz_theme":"classic_light","enable_social_buttons":"off","result_text":"","enable_pass_count":"off","hide_score":"off","rate_form_title":"","box_shadow_color":"#c9c9c9","quiz_border_radius":"8","quiz_bg_image":"","quiz_border_width":"1","quiz_border_style":"solid","quiz_border_color":"#000","quiz_loader":"default","create_date":null,"author":"{\"id\":\"1\",\"name\":\"admin\"}","quest_animation":"none","form_title":"","enable_bg_music":"off","quiz_bg_music":"","answers_font_size":15,"show_create_date":"off","show_author":"off","enable_early_finish":"off","answers_rw_texts":"on_results_page","disable_store_data":"off","enable_background_gradient":"off","background_gradient_color_1":"#000","background_gradient_color_2":"#fff","quiz_gradient_direction":"vertical","redirect_after_submit":"off","submit_redirect_url":"","submit_redirect_delay":"0","progress_bar_style":"third","enable_exit_button":"off","exit_redirect_url":"","image_sizing":"cover","quiz_bg_image_position":"center center","custom_class":"","enable_social_links":"off","social_links":{"linkedin_link":"","facebook_link":"","twitter_link":"","vkontakte_link":"","instagram_link":"","youtube_link":"","behance_link":""},"show_quiz_title":"on","show_quiz_desc":"on","show_login_form":"off","mobile_max_width":"","limit_users_by":"ip","active_date_check":"off","activeInterval":"2025-01-22 09:12:37","deactiveInterval":"2025-01-22 09:12:37","active_date_pre_start_message":"Le quiz sera bient\u00f4t disponible\u00a0!","active_date_message":"Le quiz a expir\u00e9\u00a0!","explanation_time":"4","enable_clear_answer":"off","show_category":"off","show_question_category":"off","display_score":"by_percantage","enable_rw_asnwers_sounds":"off","ans_right_wrong_icon":"default","quiz_bg_img_in_finish_page":"off","finish_after_wrong_answer":"off","after_timer_text":"Le temps imparti est \u00e9coul\u00e9","enable_enter_key":"on","buttons_text_color":"#ffffff","buttons_position":"center","show_questions_explanation":"on_results_page","enable_audio_autoplay":"off","buttons_size":"medium","buttons_font_size":"15","buttons_width":"","buttons_left_right_padding":"20","buttons_top_bottom_padding":"10","buttons_border_radius":"8","enable_leave_page":"on","enable_tackers_count":"off","tackers_count":"","pass_score":75,"pass_score_message":"<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">F\u00e9licitations\u00a0!<\/h4>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Vous avez r\u00e9ussi le quiz\u00a0!<\/p>","fail_score_message":"<h4 style=\"text-align: center\">Oups\u00a0!<\/h4>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Vous n\u2019avez pas r\u00e9ussi le quiz\u00a0!\r\nR\u00e9essayez\u00a0!<\/p>","question_font_size":16,"quiz_width_by_percentage_px":"pixels","questions_hint_icon_or_text":"default","questions_hint_value":"","enable_early_finsh_comfirm_box":"on","enable_questions_ordering_by_cat":"off","show_schedule_timer":"off","show_timer_type":"countdown","quiz_loader_text_value":"","hide_correct_answers":"off","show_information_form":"on","quiz_loader_custom_gif":"","disable_hover_effect":"off","quiz_loader_custom_gif_width":100,"progress_live_bar_style":"default","quiz_title_transformation":"uppercase","show_answers_numbering":"none","quiz_image_width_by_percentage_px":"pixels","quiz_image_height":"","quiz_bg_img_on_start_page":"off","quiz_box_shadow_x_offset":0,"quiz_box_shadow_y_offset":0,"quiz_box_shadow_z_offset":15,"quiz_question_text_alignment":"center","quiz_arrow_type":"default","quiz_show_wrong_answers_first":"off","quiz_display_all_questions":"on","quiz_timer_red_warning":"on","quiz_schedule_timezone":"UTC+0","questions_hint_button_value":"","quiz_tackers_message":"Ce quiz a expir\u00e9\u00a0!","quiz_enable_linkedin_share_button":"on","quiz_enable_facebook_share_button":"on","quiz_enable_twitter_share_button":"on","quiz_make_responses_anonymous":"off","quiz_make_all_review_link":"off","show_questions_numbering":"none","quiz_message_before_timer":"Le d\u00e9compte du temps a commenc\u00e9","enable_password":"off","password_quiz":"","quiz_password_message":"","enable_see_result_confirm_box":"off","display_fields_labels":"off","enable_full_screen_mode":"off","quiz_enable_password_visibility":"off","question_mobile_font_size":16,"answers_mobile_font_size":13,"social_buttons_heading":"","quiz_enable_vkontakte_share_button":"on","answers_border":"on","answers_border_width":1,"answers_border_style":"solid","answers_border_color":"#dddddd","social_links_heading":"","quiz_enable_question_category_description":"off","answers_margin":12,"quiz_message_before_redirect_timer":"","buttons_mobile_font_size":13,"answers_box_shadow":"off","answers_box_shadow_color":"#000","quiz_answer_box_shadow_x_offset":0,"quiz_answer_box_shadow_y_offset":0,"quiz_answer_box_shadow_z_offset":10,"quiz_create_author":1,"quiz_enable_title_text_shadow":"off","quiz_title_text_shadow_color":"#333","quiz_title_text_shadow_x_offset":2,"quiz_title_text_shadow_y_offset":2,"quiz_title_text_shadow_z_offset":2,"quiz_show_only_wrong_answers":"off","quiz_title_font_size":23,"quiz_title_mobile_font_size":13,"quiz_password_width":"","quiz_review_placeholder_text":"","quiz_make_review_required":"off","quiz_enable_results_toggle":"off","quiz_review_thank_you_message":"","quiz_review_enable_comment_field":"on","quest_explanation_font_size":15,"quest_explanation_mobile_font_size":14,"quiz_waiting_time":"off","wrong_answers_font_size":15,"wrong_answers_mobile_font_size":14,"quiz_enable_question_image_zoom":"off","right_answers_font_size":15,"right_answers_mobile_font_size":14,"quiz_display_messages_before_buttons":"off","quiz_enable_user_c\u0570oosing_anonymous_assessment":"off","note_text_font_size":14,"note_text_mobile_font_size":14,"quiz_questions_numbering_by_category":"off","quiz_enable_custom_texts_for_buttons":"off","quiz_custom_texts_start_button":"Start","quiz_custom_texts_next_button":"Next","quiz_custom_texts_prev_button":"Prev","quiz_custom_texts_clear_button":"Clear","quiz_custom_texts_finish_button":"Finish","quiz_custom_texts_see_results_button":"See Result","quiz_custom_texts_restart_quiz_button":"Restart quiz","quiz_custom_texts_send_feedback_button":"Send feedback","quiz_custom_texts_load_more_button":"Load more","quiz_custom_texts_exit_button":"Exit","quiz_custom_texts_check_button":"Check","quiz_custom_texts_login_button":"Log In","quiz_enable_quiz_category_description":"off","quiz_admin_note_text_transform":"none","quiz_quest_explanation_text_transform":"none","quiz_right_answer_text_transform":"none","quiz_wrong_answer_text_transform":"none","quiz_admin_note_text_decoration":"none","quiz_quest_explanation_text_decoration":"none","quiz_right_answers_text_decoration":"none","quiz_wrong_answers_text_decoration":"none","quiz_admin_note_letter_spacing":"0","quiz_bg_img_during_the_quiz":"off","quiz_quest_explanation_letter_spacing":"0","quiz_right_answers_letter_spacing":"0","quiz_wrong_answers_letter_spacing":"0","quiz_admin_note_font_weight":"normal","quiz_quest_explanation_font_weight":"normal","quiz_right_answers_font_weight":"normal","quiz_wrong_answers_font_weight":"normal","quiz_content_max_width":90,"quiz_content_mobile_max_width":90,"required_fields":null,"enable_timer":"on","enable_quiz_rate":"off","enable_rate_avg":"off","enable_box_shadow":"off","enable_border":"on","quiz_timer_in_title":"off","enable_rate_comments":"off","enable_restart_button":"on","autofill_user_data":"off","timer":450,"show_answers_caption":"on","quiz_enable_keyboard_navigation":"on","submit_redirect_after":"","rw_answers_sounds":false,"id":"7","title":"G\u00e9opolitique des min\u00e9raux critiques et enjeux des cha\u00eenes d\\'approvisionnement dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique","description":"","quiz_image":"","quiz_category_id":"1","question_ids":"191,190,189,188,187,186,185,184,183,182,181,180,179,178,177,176,175,174,173,172,171,170,169,168,167,166,165,164,163,162,161,160,159,158,157,156,155,154,153,152,151,150,149,148,147,146,145,144,143,142","ordering":"7","published":"1","intervals":null,"quiz_url":"","author_id":"0","custom_post_id":null,"quiz_animation_top":100,"quiz_enable_animation_top":"on"}';\n        <\/script>\n                    <input type='hidden' name='quiz_id' value='7'\/>\n                    <input type='hidden' name='start_date' class='ays-start-date'\/>\n                <\/form><\/div>\n                            <\/div>\n                            <\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9b984c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"9b984c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c1aae1\" data-id=\"7c1aae1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2bf23d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2bf23d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">QUESTIONS D&#8217;EXAMEN \u00c0 R\u00c9PONSES COURTES<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1f22f6 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e1f22f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ac04a8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"ac04a8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d44bbe\" data-id=\"4d44bbe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d470a27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"d470a27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">1.\tSelon la Banque mondiale, quelle est la pr\u00e9vision de la demande de min\u00e9raux pour batteries de stockage \u00e9lectrique d'ici 2050 ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2221\"><p>Selon une \u00e9tude de la Banque mondiale, la demande de min\u00e9raux composants pour les batteries de stockage \u00e9lectrique, tels que l&#8217;aluminium, le cobalt, le lithium, le mangan\u00e8se et le nickel, pourrait augmenter de plus de 450\u00a0% d&#8217;ici 2050 si la technologie \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique propre est d\u00e9ploy\u00e9e \u00e0 un niveau compatible avec l&#8217;objectif de l&#8217;accord de Paris sur le climat de limiter la hausse de la temp\u00e9rature atmosph\u00e9rique \u00e0 2\u00a0degr\u00e9s Celsius au maximum.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">2.\tComment la dominance de la Chine dans les cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement mondiales en min\u00e9raux critiques est-elle per\u00e7ue par les d\u00e9cideurs occidentaux ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2222\"><p>Les d\u00e9cideurs occidentaux s&#8217;inqui\u00e8tent de ce que la forte d\u00e9pendance \u00e9conomique \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard de la Chine pour des produits aussi critiques que les terres rares puisse se traduire par une vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 que la Chine pourrait exploiter en cas de conflit entre la Chine et l&#8217;Occident. Cela est per\u00e7u comme une forme de levier g\u00e9opolitique.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">3.\tExpliquez bri\u00e8vement comment l'initiative \u00ab Made in China 2025 \u00bb contribue \u00e0 la position de la Chine dans les cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement mondiales en min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2223\"><p>L&#8217;initiative \u00ab\u00a0Made in China 2025\u00a0\u00bb, lanc\u00e9e en 2015, vise \u00e0 moderniser la capacit\u00e9 de fabrication de la Chine en allouant des ressources de mani\u00e8re cibl\u00e9e, telles que des r\u00e9glementations avantageuses, des incitations fiscales et des financements par des banques publiques. Le d\u00e9veloppement de l&#8217;industrie des nouveaux mat\u00e9riaux est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un \u00e9l\u00e9ment fondamental du d\u00e9veloppement r\u00e9ussi de la capacit\u00e9 de fabrication chinoise dans neuf autres industries, telles que les v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, les nouvelles technologies de l&#8217;information et l&#8217;a\u00e9rospatiale.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">4.\tNommez trois strat\u00e9gies utilis\u00e9es par diff\u00e9rents pays pour s\u00e9curiser leurs cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2224\"><p>Trois strat\u00e9gies utilis\u00e9es par diff\u00e9rents pays pour s\u00e9curiser leurs cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques sont\u00a0: le d\u00e9veloppement des capacit\u00e9s interm\u00e9diaires (comme aux \u00c9tats-Unis), le soutien orchestr\u00e9 au secteur des batteries (comme dans l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne) et la modernisation des stocks et le d\u00e9veloppement des ressources \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tranger (comme au Japon).<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">5.\tQuelle est la principale pr\u00e9occupation des \u00c9tats-Unis concernant leur d\u00e9pendance aux importations de min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2225\"><p>La principale pr\u00e9occupation des \u00c9tats-Unis concernant leur d\u00e9pendance aux importations de min\u00e9raux critiques est la vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 g\u00e9opolitique que cela cr\u00e9e. Ils craignent que cette d\u00e9pendance ne soit exploit\u00e9e par d&#8217;autres pays, notamment la Chine, \u00e0 des fins politiques ou \u00e9conomiques.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0e29c08\" data-id=\"0e29c08\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-078f63b elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"078f63b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7921\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7921\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">6.\tD\u00e9crivez le r\u00f4le du D\u00e9partement de l'\u00e9nergie am\u00e9ricain (DOE) dans la gestion des cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques aux \u00c9tats-Unis.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7921\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7921\"><p>Le DOE joue un r\u00f4le central dans la gestion des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques aux \u00c9tats-Unis. Il est responsable de l&#8217;\u00e9valuation de la criticit\u00e9 des min\u00e9raux, de la conduite de la recherche et du d\u00e9veloppement, et de la mise en \u0153uvre de politiques visant \u00e0 diversifier les sources d&#8217;approvisionnement et \u00e0 encourager le recyclage.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7922\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7922\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">7.\tComment l'Union europ\u00e9enne pr\u00e9voit-elle de r\u00e9duire sa d\u00e9pendance aux mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res critiques primaires ? <\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7922\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7922\"><p>L&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne pr\u00e9voit de r\u00e9duire sa d\u00e9pendance aux mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res critiques primaires par l&#8217;utilisation circulaire des ressources, le d\u00e9veloppement de produits durables et l&#8217;innovation. Cela comprend des initiatives de recyclage, de substitution des mat\u00e9riaux et de diversification des sources d&#8217;approvisionnement.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7923\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7923\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">8.\tExpliquez le concept d'\u00ab autonomie strat\u00e9gique \u00bb tel qu'il est compris dans l'Union europ\u00e9enne en relation avec les min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7923\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7923\"><p>L&#8217;\u00ab\u00a0autonomie strat\u00e9gique\u00a0\u00bb dans l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la capacit\u00e9 de l&#8217;UE \u00e0 agir de mani\u00e8re ind\u00e9pendante et \u00e0 prendre des d\u00e9cisions sans \u00eatre soumise \u00e0 des pressions ext\u00e9rieures. Dans le contexte des min\u00e9raux critiques, cela signifie r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance de l&#8217;UE \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard d&#8217;autres pays pour l&#8217;approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux essentiels \u00e0 son \u00e9conomie et \u00e0 sa s\u00e9curit\u00e9.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7924\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7924\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">9.\tQuel r\u00f4le joue le JOGMEC dans la strat\u00e9gie japonaise de s\u00e9curisation des cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7924\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7924\"><p>Le JOGMEC est une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 publique japonaise qui investit dans des projets miniers \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tranger afin de garantir l&#8217;acc\u00e8s du Japon aux ressources naturelles. Il joue un r\u00f4le crucial dans la strat\u00e9gie japonaise de s\u00e9curisation des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques en diversifiant les sources d&#8217;approvisionnement et en r\u00e9duisant la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9gard de fournisseurs uniques.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7925\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7925\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">10.\tComment la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19 a-t-elle influenc\u00e9 la politique japonaise en mati\u00e8re de cha\u00eenes d'approvisionnement en min\u00e9raux critiques ?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7925\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7925\"><p>La pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19 a mis en \u00e9vidence la fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement mondiales, y compris pour les min\u00e9raux critiques. En r\u00e9ponse, le gouvernement japonais a augment\u00e9 ses efforts pour relocaliser la capacit\u00e9 de fabrication de produits essentiels au Japon ou dans des pays consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme moins risqu\u00e9s.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7be86bb elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"7be86bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-201c67c\" data-id=\"201c67c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3d5ef3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b3d5ef3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1463\" src=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-mine-5-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4661\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-mine-5-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-mine-5-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-mine-5-1024x585.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-mine-5-768x439.jpg 768w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-mine-5-1536x878.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-mine-5-2048x1170.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ed280e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"6ed280e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b2da2b8\" data-id=\"b2da2b8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-780a6f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"780a6f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">GLOSSAIRE<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a8d5b6 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7a8d5b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-02c1236 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"02c1236\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66bce04\" data-id=\"66bce04\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f27c58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f27c58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><strong>Cha\u00eene d&#8217;approvisionnement<\/strong>: Le r\u00e9seau d&#8217;individus, d&#8217;organisations, de ressources, d&#8217;activit\u00e9s et de technologies impliqu\u00e9s dans la cr\u00e9ation et la vente d&#8217;un produit ou d&#8217;un service. Elle comprend tout, de l&#8217;extraction des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res \u00e0 la livraison du produit fini au consommateur .<\/li><li><strong>Critical Materials Strategy (Strat\u00e9gie pour les mat\u00e9riaux critiques)<\/strong> : Documents strat\u00e9giques publi\u00e9s pour la premi\u00e8re fois par le D\u00e9partement de l&#8217;\u00e9nergie des \u00c9tats-Unis (DOE) en 2010 et 2011. Ces rapports ont identifi\u00e9 les min\u00e9raux critiques n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 diverses applications \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques, notamment les technologies d&#8217;\u00e9nergie propre.<\/li><li><strong>\u00c9l\u00e9ments des terres rares<\/strong> : Un groupe de 17 \u00e9l\u00e9ments chimiques qui pr\u00e9sentent des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s magn\u00e9tiques et conductrices uniques. Ils sont essentiels \u00e0 de nombreuses technologies modernes, notamment les technologies d&#8217;\u00e9nergie propre, l&#8217;\u00e9lectronique et la d\u00e9fense.<\/li><li><strong>\u00c9nergie propre<\/strong>: \u00c9nergie produite \u00e0 partir de sources renouvelables et non polluantes, telles que l&#8217;\u00e9nergie solaire, \u00e9olienne et hydro\u00e9lectrique.<\/li><li><strong>Gigafactory<\/strong> : Une usine de fabrication de batteries \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par Tesla pour produire des batteries pour ses v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques et d&#8217;autres produits.<\/li><li><strong>Made in China 2025 (Fabriqu\u00e9 en Chine 2025)<\/strong> : Une initiative industrielle chinoise lanc\u00e9e en 2015 visant \u00e0 transformer la Chine en une puissance manufacturi\u00e8re de haute technologie. Cette initiative met l&#8217;accent sur le d\u00e9veloppement de secteurs cl\u00e9s, notamment les nouveaux mat\u00e9riaux, les v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques et l&#8217;a\u00e9rospatiale.<\/li><li><strong>Min\u00e9raux critiques<\/strong>: Min\u00e9raux non combustibles essentiels \u00e0 la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique et nationale d&#8217;un pays, dont les cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement sont vuln\u00e9rables aux perturbations et qui jouent un r\u00f4le essentiel dans la fabrication de produits importants.<\/li><li><strong>National Defense Stockpile (R\u00e9serve nationale de d\u00e9fense)<\/strong> : Une r\u00e9serve strat\u00e9gique de mat\u00e9riaux g\u00e9r\u00e9e par le gouvernement des \u00c9tats-Unis pour r\u00e9pondre aux besoins de la d\u00e9fense nationale en cas d&#8217;urgence.<\/li><li><strong>Quota d&#8217;exportation<\/strong>: Une restriction gouvernementale sur la quantit\u00e9 d&#8217;un bien ou d&#8217;un service pouvant \u00eatre export\u00e9 d&#8217;un pays au cours d&#8217;une p\u00e9riode donn\u00e9e.<\/li><li><strong>Raw Materials Initiative (Initiative sur les mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res)<\/strong> : Une politique de l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne (UE) lanc\u00e9e en 2008 visant \u00e0 garantir un approvisionnement durable et \u00e9quitable en min\u00e9raux et mat\u00e9riaux essentiels. L&#8217;initiative se concentre sur la diversification de l&#8217;approvisionnement, le recyclage et l&#8217;innovation.<\/li><li><strong>Technologies d&#8217;\u00e9nergie propre<\/strong> : Technologies qui utilisent des sources d&#8217;\u00e9nergie renouvelables et non polluantes, telles que les panneaux solaires, les \u00e9oliennes et les v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques.<\/li><li><strong>Vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9 de la cha\u00eene d&#8217;approvisionnement<\/strong> : La susceptibilit\u00e9 d&#8217;une cha\u00eene d&#8217;approvisionnement aux perturbations, qu&#8217;elles soient caus\u00e9es par des \u00e9v\u00e9nements naturels, des conflits politiques ou des probl\u00e8mes \u00e9conomiques.<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c93b2a8 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-stretched elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"c93b2a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;stretch_section&quot;:&quot;section-stretched&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e8d97\" data-id=\"a4e8d97\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e51568 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2e51568\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1106\" src=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/illust-geopolitique.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-4715\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/illust-geopolitique.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/illust-geopolitique-300x130.jpg 300w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/illust-geopolitique-1024x442.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/illust-geopolitique-768x332.jpg 768w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/illust-geopolitique-1536x664.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/illust-geopolitique-2048x885.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92c8785 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"92c8785\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-83d0e58\" data-id=\"83d0e58\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd64d3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd64d3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"text-align: left;\">DIAPOSITIVES POWERPOINT DU COURS<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-158cf8b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"158cf8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4d60741 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"4d60741\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee986e5\" data-id=\"ee986e5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b26a85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"8b26a85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 1 : G\u00e9opolitique des min\u00e9raux critiques et enjeux des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1451\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1451\"><ul><li>Introduction au sujet.<\/li><li>Importance des min\u00e9raux critiques pour les \u00e9nergies propres.<\/li><li>Structure du cours.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Pr\u00e9sentez bri\u00e8vement le sujet et expliquez pourquoi les min\u00e9raux critiques sont essentiels pour la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. Soulignez les objectifs du cours : comprendre les enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques et explorer les solutions.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 2 : D\u00e9finition des min\u00e9raux critiques<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1452\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1452\"><ul><li>Min\u00e9raux essentiels \u00e0 des technologies strat\u00e9giques.<\/li><li>Exemples : lithium, cobalt, nickel, terres rares.<\/li><li>Importance pour les batteries, panneaux solaires, \u00e9oliennes.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Expliquez que les min\u00e9raux critiques sont indispensables aux technologies d&#8217;\u00e9nergie propre et que leur demande augmente en raison des efforts mondiaux de transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 3 : Applications cl\u00e9s des min\u00e9raux critiques<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1453\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1453\"><ul><li>Batteries des v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques.<\/li><li>Aimants permanents pour \u00e9oliennes.<\/li><li>Panneaux photovolta\u00efques.<\/li><li>Technologies m\u00e9dicales et \u00e9lectroniques avanc\u00e9es.<\/li><li>Stockage d\u2019\u00e9nergie renouvelable.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>D\u00e9taillez les applications sp\u00e9cifiques des min\u00e9raux critiques et leur r\u00f4le dans divers secteurs strat\u00e9giques.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 4 : Croissance de la demande mondiale<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1454\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1454\"><ul><li>Augmentation de 450 % d\u2019ici 2050 (Banque mondiale).<\/li><li>Transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e.<\/li><li>Impact des objectifs climatiques globaux.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Soulignez que la demande en min\u00e9raux critiques est directement li\u00e9e aux engagements climatiques internationaux, comme l&#8217;Accord de Paris.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 5 : Domination chinoise dans les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1455\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1455\"><ul><li>Contr\u00f4le de 85 % de la production mondiale de terres rares.<\/li><li>Raffinage et transformation de min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/li><li>Levier g\u00e9opolitique (embargo de 2010 envers le Japon).<\/li><li>Investissements massifs en RDC pour le cobalt.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Mettez en lumi\u00e8re la position dominante de la Chine, fruit de d\u00e9cennies de strat\u00e9gies industrielles, et ses implications pour les autres puissances \u00e9conomiques.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 6 : Strat\u00e9gies chinoises pour s\u00e9curiser l\u2019approvisionnement<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1456\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1456\"><ul><li>D\u00e9veloppement d&#8217;infrastructures de traitement.<\/li><li>Investissements dans des mines \u00e9trang\u00e8res.<\/li><li>Quotas d&#8217;exportation et taxes pour prot\u00e9ger les industries locales.<\/li><li>&#8220;Made in China 2025&#8221; : focus sur les min\u00e9raux strat\u00e9giques.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Expliquez comment la Chine utilise des politiques industrielles pour consolider son r\u00f4le dans les cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement mondiales.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1457\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1457\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 7 : Fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement globales<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1457\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1457\"><ul><li>Concentration g\u00e9ographique des ressources (Chine, RDC).<\/li><li>Risques g\u00e9opolitiques et \u00e9conomiques.<\/li><li>Perturbations dues \u00e0 la COVID-19.<\/li><li>D\u00e9pendance excessive envers des fournisseurs uniques.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Discutez des risques li\u00e9s \u00e0 la centralisation des ressources dans un petit nombre de pays, amplifi\u00e9s par des crises mondiales.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1458\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1458\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 8 : Solutions pour r\u00e9duire les fragilit\u00e9s<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1458\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1458\"><ul><li>Diversification des sources d\u2019approvisionnement.<\/li><li>Recyclage des mat\u00e9riaux.<\/li><li>D\u00e9veloppement de substituts aux min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/li><li>Renforcement des infrastructures locales.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Pr\u00e9sentez les strat\u00e9gies visant \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer les vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement mondiales.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1459\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1459\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 9 : Strat\u00e9gies des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1459\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1459\"><ul><li>Relance de la production domestique.<\/li><li>Projets phares comme Mountain Pass.<\/li><li>Investissements dans le recyclage et les substituts.<\/li><li>Partenariats internationaux (Canada, Australie).<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Mettez en avant les efforts des \u00c9tats-Unis pour s\u00e9curiser leurs cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement, avec un accent sur la relocalisation industrielle.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-14510\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14510\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 10 : Strat\u00e9gies de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14510\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14510\"><ul><li>Promotion de l\u2019\u00e9conomie circulaire.<\/li><li>Alliance europ\u00e9enne des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res.<\/li><li>Projets miniers locaux (lithium en R\u00e9publique tch\u00e8que).<\/li><li>Normes environnementales strictes dans le cadre du Green Deal.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Expliquez comment l&#8217;Union europ\u00e9enne mise sur la durabilit\u00e9 et l&#8217;autonomie strat\u00e9gique pour s\u00e9curiser ses approvisionnements.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-14511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 11 : Strat\u00e9gies du Japon<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14511\"><ul><li>Investissements dans des mines \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger (Australie, Inde).<\/li><li>Innovation technologique (recyclage, substituts).<\/li><li>Modernisation des stocks strat\u00e9giques.<\/li><li>R\u00e9duction de la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 la Chine.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Soulignez les efforts du Japon pour diversifier ses sources et d\u00e9velopper des solutions technologiques innovantes.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-14512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 12 : Coop\u00e9ration internationale<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14512\"><ul><li>Partenariats bilat\u00e9raux et multilat\u00e9raux.<\/li><li>ERGI (Initiative pour la gouvernance des ressources \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques).<\/li><li>Normes internationales pour une exploitation durable.<\/li><li>Renforcement des capacit\u00e9s des pays producteurs.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Mettez l&#8217;accent sur l&#8217;importance de la collaboration internationale pour att\u00e9nuer les rivalit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-14513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"13\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 13 : D\u00e9fis environnementaux associ\u00e9s<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"13\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14513\"><ul><li>Pollution des sols et des eaux due \u00e0 l\u2019extraction.<\/li><li>Destruction des habitats naturels.<\/li><li>\u00c9missions de CO\u2082 li\u00e9es au transport et au raffinage.<\/li><li>N\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de pratiques mini\u00e8res durables.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Discutez des impacts environnementaux de l&#8217;extraction des min\u00e9raux critiques et des efforts pour minimiser ces effets.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-14514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"14\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 14 : D\u00e9fis sociaux et \u00e9thiques li\u00e9s aux min\u00e9raux critiques<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"14\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14514\"><ul><li>Conditions de travail pr\u00e9caires dans les mines (ex. RDC).<\/li><li>Exploitation des travailleurs, y compris des enfants.<\/li><li>Conflits locaux autour des ressources mini\u00e8res.<\/li><li>N\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de normes \u00e9thiques internationales.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Soulignez les d\u00e9fis sociaux associ\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019extraction des min\u00e9raux critiques, notamment les violations des droits humains dans certaines r\u00e9gions productrices. Proposez des pistes pour promouvoir des pratiques responsables.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-14515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"15\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-14515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 15 : Innovations technologiques pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-14515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"15\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-14515\"><ul><li>D\u00e9veloppement de substituts aux terres rares.<\/li><li>Am\u00e9lioration des processus de recyclage.<\/li><li>Utilisation de mat\u00e9riaux plus abondants.<\/li><li>Innovations dans les batteries (ex. batteries sans cobalt).<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Expliquez comment l&#8217;innovation technologique peut r\u00e9duire la pression sur les min\u00e9raux critiques et offrir des alternatives viables.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a18f778\" data-id=\"a18f778\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbb8eda elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"fbb8eda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2631\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 16 : Exemples de recyclage r\u00e9ussis<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2631\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2631\"><ul><li>R\u00e9cup\u00e9ration de lithium \u00e0 partir de batteries usag\u00e9es.<\/li><li>Recyclage des terres rares dans les appareils \u00e9lectroniques.<\/li><li>Mod\u00e8les d\u2019\u00e9conomie circulaire en Europe.<\/li><li>R&amp;D sur la r\u00e9cup\u00e9ration \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Pr\u00e9sentez des exemples concrets de succ\u00e8s dans le domaine du recyclage, en insistant sur leur potentiel \u00e0 r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 l&#8217;extraction.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2632\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 17 : La pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19 comme r\u00e9v\u00e9lateur<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2632\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2632\"><ul><li>Retards dans l&#8217;exportation de cobalt (ex. Afrique du Sud).<\/li><li>Perturbations dans les cha\u00eenes logistiques globales.<\/li><li>D\u00e9pendance accrue aux sources limit\u00e9es.<\/li><li>N\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de renforcer la r\u00e9silience des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Expliquez comment la pand\u00e9mie a mis en lumi\u00e8re les vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement et l&#8217;importance de leur renforcement.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2633\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 18 : D\u00e9fis g\u00e9opolitiques pour les grandes \u00e9conomies<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2633\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2633\"><ul><li>Tensions entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et la Chine.<\/li><li>Comp\u00e9tition pour l&#8217;acc\u00e8s aux ressources en Afrique.<\/li><li>Contr\u00f4le des infrastructures critiques par la Chine.<\/li><li>Besoin d\u2019une coop\u00e9ration internationale accrue.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Abordez les tensions g\u00e9opolitiques exacerb\u00e9es par la d\u00e9pendance aux min\u00e9raux critiques et discutez des strat\u00e9gies pour limiter ces conflits.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2634\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 19 : Projets miniers en d\u00e9veloppement<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2634\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2634\"><ul><li>Extraction de lithium en R\u00e9publique tch\u00e8que et en Serbie.<\/li><li>D\u00e9veloppement de nouvelles mines en Australie et au Canada.<\/li><li>Exploration des ressources sous-marines.<\/li><li>Int\u00e9gration des normes environnementales d\u00e8s la conception.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Pr\u00e9sentez les projets miniers \u00e9mergents et leur importance pour diversifier les sources d&#8217;approvisionnement.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2635\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2635\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 20 : Le r\u00f4le des institutions internationales<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2635\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2635\"><ul><li>Contribution de l\u2019ONU et de l\u2019OMC.<\/li><li>Promotion de normes \u00e9thiques globales.<\/li><li>Financement des projets dans les pays en d\u00e9veloppement.<\/li><li>Surveillance des pratiques mini\u00e8res ill\u00e9gales.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Soulignez le r\u00f4le des institutions internationales pour garantir une exploitation responsable des ressources et encourager la coop\u00e9ration.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2636\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2636\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 21 : \u00c9tude de cas : R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2636\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2636\"><ul><li>Production de 60 % du cobalt mondial.<\/li><li>Exploitation artisanale et industrialis\u00e9e.<\/li><li>Enjeux sociaux : travail des enfants et conflits locaux.<\/li><li>Investissements chinois dans les infrastructures mini\u00e8res.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Utilisez cet exemple pour montrer les d\u00e9fis et opportunit\u00e9s li\u00e9s \u00e0 la production de min\u00e9raux critiques dans des zones politiquement sensibles.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2637\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2637\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 22 : Perspectives europ\u00e9ennes sur l\u2019autonomie strat\u00e9gique<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2637\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2637\"><ul><li>R\u00e9duction de la d\u00e9pendance aux importations.<\/li><li>Renforcement des capacit\u00e9s locales de recyclage.<\/li><li>Projets miniers respectueux de l\u2019environnement.<\/li><li>Collaboration intra-europ\u00e9enne via l\u2019Alliance des mati\u00e8res premi\u00e8res.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Discutez de l\u2019approche europ\u00e9enne pour atteindre l\u2019autonomie strat\u00e9gique tout en respectant les normes de durabilit\u00e9.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2638\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2638\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 23 : R\u00e9duction des impacts environnementaux<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2638\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2638\"><ul><li>Extraction responsable et respect des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes.<\/li><li>R\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions li\u00e9es au transport et au raffinage.<\/li><li>D\u00e9veloppement de technologies plus propres.<\/li><li>Normes strictes pour limiter la pollution.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Soulignez les initiatives en cours pour r\u00e9duire l\u2019impact environnemental de l\u2019extraction et du traitement des min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2639\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2639\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 24 : Strat\u00e9gies nationales compar\u00e9es : USA, UE et Japon<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2639\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2639\"><ul><li>\u00c9tats-Unis : relance nationale et diversification.<\/li><li>UE : \u00e9conomie circulaire et normes environnementales.<\/li><li>Japon : partenariats internationaux et innovation.<\/li><li>Diff\u00e9rences dans les priorit\u00e9s strat\u00e9giques.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Comparez les approches des trois grandes \u00e9conomies et discutez de leurs forces et faiblesses respectives.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-26310\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-26310\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 25 : Opportunit\u00e9s pour les \u00e9conomies \u00e9mergentes<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-26310\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"10\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-26310\"><ul><li>D\u00e9veloppement des capacit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res locales.<\/li><li>Partenariats avec des investisseurs \u00e9trangers.<\/li><li>Int\u00e9gration dans les cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement globales.<\/li><li>Mise en place de politiques durables et \u00e9quitables.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Pr\u00e9sentez les opportunit\u00e9s pour les pays en d\u00e9veloppement de b\u00e9n\u00e9ficier de la demande croissante en min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-26311\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-26311\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 26 : Appel \u00e0 l\u2019innovation technologique<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-26311\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"11\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-26311\"><ul><li>R&amp;D sur les mat\u00e9riaux de substitution.<\/li><li>Optimisation des technologies de recyclage.<\/li><li>Collaboration internationale sur l\u2019innovation.<\/li><li>Financement public pour acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer les progr\u00e8s.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Encouragez l\u2019innovation comme solution cl\u00e9 pour surmonter les d\u00e9fis li\u00e9s \u00e0 la demande croissante en min\u00e9raux critiques.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-26312\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-26312\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 27 : Le r\u00f4le des politiques publiques<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-26312\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"12\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-26312\"><ul><li>Subventions pour le d\u00e9veloppement local.<\/li><li>R\u00e9gulation des pratiques mini\u00e8res.<\/li><li>Promotion des investissements \u00e9thiques.<\/li><li>Coordination intergouvernementale.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Soulignez l\u2019importance d\u2019un cadre r\u00e9glementaire solide pour encourager des pratiques responsables et durables.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-26313\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"13\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-26313\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 28 : L\u2019avenir des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-26313\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"13\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-26313\"><ul><li>Vers des cha\u00eenes plus r\u00e9silientes et diversifi\u00e9es.<\/li><li>Importance de l\u2019\u00e9conomie circulaire.<\/li><li>Collaboration internationale accrue.<\/li><li>R\u00f4le central dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>Concluez en discutant des perspectives futures et des mesures n\u00e9cessaires pour garantir un approvisionnement durable.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-26314\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"14\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-26314\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 29 : Synth\u00e8se des enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-26314\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"14\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-26314\"><ul><li>Rivalit\u00e9s croissantes entre grandes puissances.<\/li><li>Impact sur la stabilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes globales.<\/li><li>N\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019un dialogue multilat\u00e9ral.<\/li><li>Opportunit\u00e9s pour une transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique \u00e9quitable.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Note de l&#8217;orateur :<\/strong><br \/>R\u00e9capitulez les principaux enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques et insistez sur l\u2019importance d\u2019une coop\u00e9ration internationale pour les r\u00e9soudre.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-26315\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"15\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-26315\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Diapositive 30 : Questions et discussion<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-26315\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"15\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-26315\"><ul><li>Comment s\u00e9curiser les cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement ?<\/li><li>Quels r\u00f4les pour l\u2019innovation et la coop\u00e9ration ?<\/li><li>Comment \u00e9quilibrer durabilit\u00e9 et comp\u00e9titivit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique ?<\/li><li>Perspectives sur les actions prioritaires.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ab215b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"ab215b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c6b6c83\" data-id=\"c6b6c83\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e1f9a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6e1f9a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>ILLUSTRATIONS SUR LE SUJET. LIBRES DE DROITS<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f52a90 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2f52a90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5718bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"a5718bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f38e1f6\" data-id=\"f38e1f6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c7e0d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-ucaddon_simple_slider\" data-id=\"5c7e0d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"ucaddon_simple_slider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<!-- start Simple Slider -->\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-css' href='https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-all.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\t\t<link id='font-awesome-4-shim-css' href='https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/plugins\/unlimited-elements-for-elementor\/assets_libraries\/font-awesome6\/fontawesome-v4-shims.min.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\t\t<link id='uc_ac_assets_file_slick_css_1729-css' href='https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/ac_assets\/simple_animated_slider\/slick.css' type='text\/css' rel='stylesheet' >\n\n<style>\/* widget: Simple Slider *\/\n\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3\n{\n  overflow:hidden;\n  direction:ltr;\n}\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .ue_slide {\n  position: relative;\n}\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .slide__img {\n  width: 100%;\n  height: auto;\n  overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .slide__img img {\n  max-width: 100%;\n  height: auto;\n  opacity: 1 !important;          \n  animation-duration: 3s;\n  transition: all 1s ease;\n}\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .slide__content {\n  position: absolute;\n  top: 50%;\n  left: 50%;\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\n}\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .slide__content--headings {\n  text-align: center;\n  color: #FFF;\n}\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .slide__content--headings h2 {\n}\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .slide__content--headings .animated {\n  transition: all 0.5s ease;\n}\n.ue_simple_slider_title\n{\n  font-size:26px;\n}\n\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .ue_simple_slider_button a{\n\n  display:inline-block;\n  text-align:center;\n  text-decoration:none;\n}  \n\n\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .slick-prev{\n    position:absolute;\n    left:30px;\n    display:flex !important;\n    align-items:center;\n    justify-content:center;\n    text-align:center;\n    z-index:101;\n    border:none;\n    outline:none;\n}\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .slick-next{\n  position:absolute;\n  right:30px;\n  display:flex !important;\n  align-items:center;\n    justify-content:center;\n  text-align:center;\n  z-index:101;\n  border:none;\n  outline:none;\n}\n\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .ue_slide_overlay\n{\n  position:absolute;\n  top:0;\n  bottom:0;\n  left:0;\n  right:0;\n}\n\n#uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3 .ue_slide_link_overlay\n{\n  position:absolute;\n  top:0;\n  bottom:0;\n  left:0;\n  right:0;\n  display:block;\n  z-index:1;\n}\n\n.slick-dotted.slick-slider\n{\n  margin-bottom:0px !important;\n}\n\n\n\n\n.slick-dots {\n  position: absolute;\n  list-style: none;\n  display: block;\n  text-align: center;\n  padding: 0;\n  margin: 0;\n  width: 100%;\n  z-index:2;\n}\n.slick-dots li {\n  position: relative;\n  display: inline-block;\n  margin: 0 5px;\n  padding: 0;\n  cursor: pointer;\n}\n.slick-dots li button {\n  border: 0;\n  display: block;\n  outline: none;\n  line-height: 0px;\n  font-size: 0px;\n  color: transparent;\n  padding: 5px;\n  cursor: pointer;\n  transition: all 0.3s ease;\n}\n.slick-dots li button:hover,\n.slick-dots li button:focus {\n  outline: none;\n}\n.simple-dots .slick-dots li {\n\n}\n.simple-dots .slick-dots li button {\n  border-radius: 50%;\n}\n\n.stick-dots .slick-dots li button {\n  position: relative;\n  padding: 0;\n}\n\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"ue_slider stick-dots\" id=\"uc_simple_slider_elementor_5c7e0d3\" >\n    <div class=\"ue_slide\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-mine-5-scaled.jpg);background-size:cover;background-position:center center;\">\n  <div class=\"ue_slide_overlay\"><\/div>  \n        \n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ue_slide\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-mine-4-scaled.jpg);background-size:cover;background-position:center center;\">\n  <div class=\"ue_slide_overlay\"><\/div>  \n        \n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ue_slide\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-mine-cobalt-scaled.jpg);background-size:cover;background-position:center center;\">\n  <div class=\"ue_slide_overlay\"><\/div>  \n        \n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ue_slide\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Grok-Mine2.jpg);background-size:cover;background-position:center center;\">\n  <div class=\"ue_slide_overlay\"><\/div>  \n        \n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ue_slide\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-vraquier-2-scaled.jpg);background-size:cover;background-position:center center;\">\n  <div class=\"ue_slide_overlay\"><\/div>  \n        \n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ue_slide\" style=\"background-image:url(https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Firefly-navire-transport-scaled.jpg);background-size:cover;background-position:center center;\">\n  <div class=\"ue_slide_overlay\"><\/div>  \n        \n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<!-- end Simple Slider -->\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52445ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no\" data-id=\"52445ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;_ha_eqh_enable&quot;:false}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"has_eae_slider elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e692def\" data-id=\"e692def\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>M\u00e9decine Droit Constitutionnel Psychologie Geopolitique Traitement des Iconographies Publications M\u00e9decine Droit Constitutionnel Psychologie Geopolitique Traitement des Iconographies Publications Production de RESSOURCES P\u00e9dagogiques assist\u00e9e par I.A. Joseph Bonan D\u00e9mo D\u00e9mo Ci-dessous, \u00e0 titre d\u00e9monstration, un cours de G\u00e9opolitique tr\u00e8s complet r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en utilisant notre m\u00e9thodologie d&#8217;assistance p\u00e9dagogique par I.A.. On y trouvera : Une pr\u00e9sentation du cours Un plan du cours, Un d\u00e9veloppement de chacun des chapitres composant ce cours, Une s\u00e9rie de 8 FAQ, Une s\u00e9rie de 50 QCM, Un Quizz permettant \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tudiant de s&#8217;auto-\u00e9valuer par le score obtenu, Une s\u00e9rie de 10 Questions d&#8217;examen \u00e0 r\u00e9ponses courtes, Un glossaire, 30 diapositives Powerpoint \u00e0 destination de l&#8217;enseignant pour son cours, 6 illustrations originales libres de droits. G\u00e9opolitique des min\u00e9raux critiques et enjeux des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique Le cours Pr\u00e9sentation du cours Ce cours traite des enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques li\u00e9s aux cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques, essentiels pour les technologies d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie propre. Ces min\u00e9raux incluent le lithium, le cobalt, le nickel et les terres rares, tous essentiels \u00e0 des applications comme les batteries pour v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, les panneaux solaires et les \u00e9oliennes. Les points principaux incluent : Domination chinoise : La Chine contr\u00f4le une grande partie de l&rsquo;extraction, du raffinage et de la fabrication des composants pour les technologies d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie propre. Elle utilise ce contr\u00f4le comme levier g\u00e9opolitique. Fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement : Exacerb\u00e9e par des \u00e9v\u00e9nements comme la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 des fournisseurs uniques repr\u00e9sente un risque strat\u00e9gique pour de nombreux pays. Strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies : \u00c9tats-Unis : Efforts pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance, relancer la production domestique et d\u00e9velopper des technologies de substitution et de recyclage. Union europ\u00e9enne : Promotion de l&rsquo;autonomie strat\u00e9gique, renforcement de la circularit\u00e9 des ressources et diversification des sources d&rsquo;approvisionnement. Japon : Investissements dans des projets \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger, modernisation des r\u00e9serves strat\u00e9giques et innovation technologique. Comp\u00e9tition croissante : Les tensions entre importateurs, ainsi que la concurrence pour les ressources, compliquent la coop\u00e9ration internationale. Plan du cours Introduction aux min\u00e9raux critiques (10 min) D\u00e9finition et r\u00f4le dans les technologies d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie propre. Importance croissante dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. Analyse de la domination chinoise (20 min) Position dominante de la Chine dans les cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement. Levier g\u00e9opolitique et strat\u00e9gies industrielles chinoises. Fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement globales (20 min) Impact de la COVID-19 et autres perturbations. D\u00e9pendance aux fournisseurs et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies (30 min) \u00c9tats-Unis : Diversification et relance nationale. Union europ\u00e9enne : Circularit\u00e9 et autonomie strat\u00e9gique. Japon : Partenariats internationaux et innovation technologique. Perspectives g\u00e9opolitiques et coop\u00e9ration internationale (20 min) Comp\u00e9tition pour les ressources critiques. Obstacles \u00e0 une coop\u00e9ration globale efficace. Conclusion (20 min) R\u00e9capitulatif des enjeux. Discussions sur les solutions potentielles et leur faisabilit\u00e9. Introduction aux min\u00e9raux critiques Les min\u00e9raux critiques sont des \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels au fonctionnement des technologies modernes et, plus particuli\u00e8rement, des technologies d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre. Ces min\u00e9raux incluent le lithium, le cobalt, le nickel et les terres rares, utilis\u00e9s dans des applications telles que les batteries lithium-ion, les panneaux photovolta\u00efques et les \u00e9oliennes. Leur importance r\u00e9side dans leur r\u00f4le fondamental dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale, un effort collectif pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre et att\u00e9nuer les effets du changement climatique. Pourquoi ces min\u00e9raux sont-ils critiques ? Les min\u00e9raux critiques pr\u00e9sentent deux caract\u00e9ristiques principales : une forte importance \u00e9conomique et un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019approvisionnement. Leur importance \u00e9conomique provient de leur r\u00f4le dans des secteurs strat\u00e9giques comme la mobilit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique, les \u00e9nergies renouvelables et l\u2019\u00e9lectronique de pointe. Par exemple, les batteries des v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, pilier de la mobilit\u00e9 durable, d\u00e9pendent du lithium et du cobalt, tandis que les terres rares sont indispensables aux aimants permanents des \u00e9oliennes. Cependant, ces ressources sont souvent concentr\u00e9es dans quelques pays, ce qui rend leur approvisionnement vuln\u00e9rable \u00e0 des perturbations g\u00e9opolitiques, \u00e9conomiques ou naturelles. Un besoin croissant d\u00fb \u00e0 la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique La transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique acc\u00e9l\u00e8re la demande pour ces ressources. Selon une \u00e9tude de la Banque mondiale, la demande pour les min\u00e9raux critiques pourrait augmenter de 450 % d\u2019ici 2050 si les objectifs de l\u2019Accord de Paris sont atteints. Par exemple, les besoins en lithium et en cobalt pour les batteries lithium-ion augmentent \u00e0 mesure que les v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques et les solutions de stockage d\u2019\u00e9nergie deviennent plus r\u00e9pandus. Les \u00e9oliennes n\u00e9cessitent des terres rares comme le n\u00e9odyme et le dysprosium pour leurs aimants, et les panneaux photovolta\u00efques utilisent des mat\u00e9riaux comme l\u2019indium et le gallium. Cette d\u00e9pendance accrue pose des d\u00e9fis environnementaux et sociaux. L\u2019extraction et le raffinage des min\u00e9raux critiques peuvent entra\u00eener des impacts n\u00e9gatifs sur les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, tandis que les conditions de travail dans certaines r\u00e9gions productrices, comme la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC), suscitent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques. Ces aspects soulignent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de normes strictes et de meilleures pratiques pour garantir une exploitation responsable. Un d\u00e9fi g\u00e9opolitique majeur La concentration de l\u2019extraction et du raffinage des min\u00e9raux critiques dans un nombre limit\u00e9 de pays cr\u00e9e des d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres g\u00e9opolitiques. Par exemple, la Chine est le leader mondial dans le raffinage des terres rares et contr\u00f4le plus de 85 % de leur production mondiale. Cette domination conf\u00e8re \u00e0 P\u00e9kin un avantage strat\u00e9gique, exacerb\u00e9 par des politiques protectionnistes et des restrictions \u00e0 l\u2019exportation. Par ailleurs, des pays comme l\u2019Australie et le Chili jouent un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans l\u2019approvisionnement en lithium, tandis que la RDC fournit plus de 60 % du cobalt mondial. Ces monopoles ou oligopoles r\u00e9gionaux cr\u00e9ent des d\u00e9pendances risqu\u00e9es pour les \u00e9conomies importatrices. La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement comme priorit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique Face \u00e0 ces d\u00e9fis, la s\u00e9curisation des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement est devenue une priorit\u00e9 pour de nombreuses \u00e9conomies. Des strat\u00e9gies vari\u00e9es \u00e9mergent, allant de l\u2019investissement dans la production nationale et les technologies de substitution \u00e0 la diversification des sources d\u2019approvisionnement par le biais de partenariats internationaux. Par exemple, les \u00c9tats-Unis investissent dans des projets de recyclage et de substitution, l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne promeut une \u00e9conomie circulaire, et le Japon finance des initiatives \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger pour garantir un approvisionnement stable. En parall\u00e8le, des innovations technologiques sont n\u00e9cessaires pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 ces ressources. Les &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Geopolitique<\/span> Lire la suite\u00a0\u00bb<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_canvas","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Geopolitique -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, nofollow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Geopolitique -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"M\u00e9decine Droit Constitutionnel Psychologie Geopolitique Traitement des Iconographies Publications M\u00e9decine Droit Constitutionnel Psychologie Geopolitique Traitement des Iconographies Publications Production de RESSOURCES P\u00e9dagogiques assist\u00e9e par I.A. Joseph Bonan D\u00e9mo D\u00e9mo Ci-dessous, \u00e0 titre d\u00e9monstration, un cours de G\u00e9opolitique tr\u00e8s complet r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en utilisant notre m\u00e9thodologie d&#8217;assistance p\u00e9dagogique par I.A.. On y trouvera : Une pr\u00e9sentation du cours Un plan du cours, Un d\u00e9veloppement de chacun des chapitres composant ce cours, Une s\u00e9rie de 8 FAQ, Une s\u00e9rie de 50 QCM, Un Quizz permettant \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tudiant de s&#8217;auto-\u00e9valuer par le score obtenu, Une s\u00e9rie de 10 Questions d&#8217;examen \u00e0 r\u00e9ponses courtes, Un glossaire, 30 diapositives Powerpoint \u00e0 destination de l&#8217;enseignant pour son cours, 6 illustrations originales libres de droits. G\u00e9opolitique des min\u00e9raux critiques et enjeux des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique Le cours Pr\u00e9sentation du cours Ce cours traite des enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques li\u00e9s aux cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques, essentiels pour les technologies d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie propre. Ces min\u00e9raux incluent le lithium, le cobalt, le nickel et les terres rares, tous essentiels \u00e0 des applications comme les batteries pour v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, les panneaux solaires et les \u00e9oliennes. Les points principaux incluent : Domination chinoise : La Chine contr\u00f4le une grande partie de l&rsquo;extraction, du raffinage et de la fabrication des composants pour les technologies d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie propre. Elle utilise ce contr\u00f4le comme levier g\u00e9opolitique. Fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement : Exacerb\u00e9e par des \u00e9v\u00e9nements comme la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 des fournisseurs uniques repr\u00e9sente un risque strat\u00e9gique pour de nombreux pays. Strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies : \u00c9tats-Unis : Efforts pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance, relancer la production domestique et d\u00e9velopper des technologies de substitution et de recyclage. Union europ\u00e9enne : Promotion de l&rsquo;autonomie strat\u00e9gique, renforcement de la circularit\u00e9 des ressources et diversification des sources d&rsquo;approvisionnement. Japon : Investissements dans des projets \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger, modernisation des r\u00e9serves strat\u00e9giques et innovation technologique. Comp\u00e9tition croissante : Les tensions entre importateurs, ainsi que la concurrence pour les ressources, compliquent la coop\u00e9ration internationale. Plan du cours Introduction aux min\u00e9raux critiques (10 min) D\u00e9finition et r\u00f4le dans les technologies d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie propre. Importance croissante dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. Analyse de la domination chinoise (20 min) Position dominante de la Chine dans les cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement. Levier g\u00e9opolitique et strat\u00e9gies industrielles chinoises. Fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement globales (20 min) Impact de la COVID-19 et autres perturbations. D\u00e9pendance aux fournisseurs et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies (30 min) \u00c9tats-Unis : Diversification et relance nationale. Union europ\u00e9enne : Circularit\u00e9 et autonomie strat\u00e9gique. Japon : Partenariats internationaux et innovation technologique. Perspectives g\u00e9opolitiques et coop\u00e9ration internationale (20 min) Comp\u00e9tition pour les ressources critiques. Obstacles \u00e0 une coop\u00e9ration globale efficace. Conclusion (20 min) R\u00e9capitulatif des enjeux. Discussions sur les solutions potentielles et leur faisabilit\u00e9. Introduction aux min\u00e9raux critiques Les min\u00e9raux critiques sont des \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels au fonctionnement des technologies modernes et, plus particuli\u00e8rement, des technologies d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre. Ces min\u00e9raux incluent le lithium, le cobalt, le nickel et les terres rares, utilis\u00e9s dans des applications telles que les batteries lithium-ion, les panneaux photovolta\u00efques et les \u00e9oliennes. Leur importance r\u00e9side dans leur r\u00f4le fondamental dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale, un effort collectif pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre et att\u00e9nuer les effets du changement climatique. Pourquoi ces min\u00e9raux sont-ils critiques ? Les min\u00e9raux critiques pr\u00e9sentent deux caract\u00e9ristiques principales : une forte importance \u00e9conomique et un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019approvisionnement. Leur importance \u00e9conomique provient de leur r\u00f4le dans des secteurs strat\u00e9giques comme la mobilit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique, les \u00e9nergies renouvelables et l\u2019\u00e9lectronique de pointe. Par exemple, les batteries des v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, pilier de la mobilit\u00e9 durable, d\u00e9pendent du lithium et du cobalt, tandis que les terres rares sont indispensables aux aimants permanents des \u00e9oliennes. Cependant, ces ressources sont souvent concentr\u00e9es dans quelques pays, ce qui rend leur approvisionnement vuln\u00e9rable \u00e0 des perturbations g\u00e9opolitiques, \u00e9conomiques ou naturelles. Un besoin croissant d\u00fb \u00e0 la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique La transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique acc\u00e9l\u00e8re la demande pour ces ressources. Selon une \u00e9tude de la Banque mondiale, la demande pour les min\u00e9raux critiques pourrait augmenter de 450 % d\u2019ici 2050 si les objectifs de l\u2019Accord de Paris sont atteints. Par exemple, les besoins en lithium et en cobalt pour les batteries lithium-ion augmentent \u00e0 mesure que les v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques et les solutions de stockage d\u2019\u00e9nergie deviennent plus r\u00e9pandus. Les \u00e9oliennes n\u00e9cessitent des terres rares comme le n\u00e9odyme et le dysprosium pour leurs aimants, et les panneaux photovolta\u00efques utilisent des mat\u00e9riaux comme l\u2019indium et le gallium. Cette d\u00e9pendance accrue pose des d\u00e9fis environnementaux et sociaux. L\u2019extraction et le raffinage des min\u00e9raux critiques peuvent entra\u00eener des impacts n\u00e9gatifs sur les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, tandis que les conditions de travail dans certaines r\u00e9gions productrices, comme la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC), suscitent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques. Ces aspects soulignent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de normes strictes et de meilleures pratiques pour garantir une exploitation responsable. Un d\u00e9fi g\u00e9opolitique majeur La concentration de l\u2019extraction et du raffinage des min\u00e9raux critiques dans un nombre limit\u00e9 de pays cr\u00e9e des d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres g\u00e9opolitiques. Par exemple, la Chine est le leader mondial dans le raffinage des terres rares et contr\u00f4le plus de 85 % de leur production mondiale. Cette domination conf\u00e8re \u00e0 P\u00e9kin un avantage strat\u00e9gique, exacerb\u00e9 par des politiques protectionnistes et des restrictions \u00e0 l\u2019exportation. Par ailleurs, des pays comme l\u2019Australie et le Chili jouent un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans l\u2019approvisionnement en lithium, tandis que la RDC fournit plus de 60 % du cobalt mondial. Ces monopoles ou oligopoles r\u00e9gionaux cr\u00e9ent des d\u00e9pendances risqu\u00e9es pour les \u00e9conomies importatrices. La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement comme priorit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique Face \u00e0 ces d\u00e9fis, la s\u00e9curisation des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement est devenue une priorit\u00e9 pour de nombreuses \u00e9conomies. Des strat\u00e9gies vari\u00e9es \u00e9mergent, allant de l\u2019investissement dans la production nationale et les technologies de substitution \u00e0 la diversification des sources d\u2019approvisionnement par le biais de partenariats internationaux. Par exemple, les \u00c9tats-Unis investissent dans des projets de recyclage et de substitution, l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne promeut une \u00e9conomie circulaire, et le Japon finance des initiatives \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger pour garantir un approvisionnement stable. En parall\u00e8le, des innovations technologiques sont n\u00e9cessaires pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 ces ressources. Les &hellip; Geopolitique Lire la suite\u00a0\u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-01-23T08:03:06+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"46 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647\",\"name\":\"Geopolitique -\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-01-22T09:27:12+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-01-23T08:03:06+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares.jpg\",\"width\":2560,\"height\":1106},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Accueil\",\"item\":\"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Geopolitique\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/#website\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/\",\"name\":\"\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Geopolitique -","robots":{"index":"noindex","follow":"nofollow"},"og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Geopolitique -","og_description":"M\u00e9decine Droit Constitutionnel Psychologie Geopolitique Traitement des Iconographies Publications M\u00e9decine Droit Constitutionnel Psychologie Geopolitique Traitement des Iconographies Publications Production de RESSOURCES P\u00e9dagogiques assist\u00e9e par I.A. Joseph Bonan D\u00e9mo D\u00e9mo Ci-dessous, \u00e0 titre d\u00e9monstration, un cours de G\u00e9opolitique tr\u00e8s complet r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en utilisant notre m\u00e9thodologie d&#8217;assistance p\u00e9dagogique par I.A.. On y trouvera : Une pr\u00e9sentation du cours Un plan du cours, Un d\u00e9veloppement de chacun des chapitres composant ce cours, Une s\u00e9rie de 8 FAQ, Une s\u00e9rie de 50 QCM, Un Quizz permettant \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tudiant de s&#8217;auto-\u00e9valuer par le score obtenu, Une s\u00e9rie de 10 Questions d&#8217;examen \u00e0 r\u00e9ponses courtes, Un glossaire, 30 diapositives Powerpoint \u00e0 destination de l&#8217;enseignant pour son cours, 6 illustrations originales libres de droits. G\u00e9opolitique des min\u00e9raux critiques et enjeux des cha\u00eenes d&#8217;approvisionnement dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique Le cours Pr\u00e9sentation du cours Ce cours traite des enjeux g\u00e9opolitiques li\u00e9s aux cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement des min\u00e9raux critiques, essentiels pour les technologies d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie propre. Ces min\u00e9raux incluent le lithium, le cobalt, le nickel et les terres rares, tous essentiels \u00e0 des applications comme les batteries pour v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, les panneaux solaires et les \u00e9oliennes. Les points principaux incluent : Domination chinoise : La Chine contr\u00f4le une grande partie de l&rsquo;extraction, du raffinage et de la fabrication des composants pour les technologies d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie propre. Elle utilise ce contr\u00f4le comme levier g\u00e9opolitique. Fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement : Exacerb\u00e9e par des \u00e9v\u00e9nements comme la pand\u00e9mie de COVID-19, la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 des fournisseurs uniques repr\u00e9sente un risque strat\u00e9gique pour de nombreux pays. Strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies : \u00c9tats-Unis : Efforts pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance, relancer la production domestique et d\u00e9velopper des technologies de substitution et de recyclage. Union europ\u00e9enne : Promotion de l&rsquo;autonomie strat\u00e9gique, renforcement de la circularit\u00e9 des ressources et diversification des sources d&rsquo;approvisionnement. Japon : Investissements dans des projets \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tranger, modernisation des r\u00e9serves strat\u00e9giques et innovation technologique. Comp\u00e9tition croissante : Les tensions entre importateurs, ainsi que la concurrence pour les ressources, compliquent la coop\u00e9ration internationale. Plan du cours Introduction aux min\u00e9raux critiques (10 min) D\u00e9finition et r\u00f4le dans les technologies d&rsquo;\u00e9nergie propre. Importance croissante dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique. Analyse de la domination chinoise (20 min) Position dominante de la Chine dans les cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement. Levier g\u00e9opolitique et strat\u00e9gies industrielles chinoises. Fragilit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d&rsquo;approvisionnement globales (20 min) Impact de la COVID-19 et autres perturbations. D\u00e9pendance aux fournisseurs et vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s g\u00e9opolitiques. Strat\u00e9gies des grandes \u00e9conomies (30 min) \u00c9tats-Unis : Diversification et relance nationale. Union europ\u00e9enne : Circularit\u00e9 et autonomie strat\u00e9gique. Japon : Partenariats internationaux et innovation technologique. Perspectives g\u00e9opolitiques et coop\u00e9ration internationale (20 min) Comp\u00e9tition pour les ressources critiques. Obstacles \u00e0 une coop\u00e9ration globale efficace. Conclusion (20 min) R\u00e9capitulatif des enjeux. Discussions sur les solutions potentielles et leur faisabilit\u00e9. Introduction aux min\u00e9raux critiques Les min\u00e9raux critiques sont des \u00e9l\u00e9ments essentiels au fonctionnement des technologies modernes et, plus particuli\u00e8rement, des technologies d\u2019\u00e9nergie propre. Ces min\u00e9raux incluent le lithium, le cobalt, le nickel et les terres rares, utilis\u00e9s dans des applications telles que les batteries lithium-ion, les panneaux photovolta\u00efques et les \u00e9oliennes. Leur importance r\u00e9side dans leur r\u00f4le fondamental dans la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondiale, un effort collectif pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre et att\u00e9nuer les effets du changement climatique. Pourquoi ces min\u00e9raux sont-ils critiques ? Les min\u00e9raux critiques pr\u00e9sentent deux caract\u00e9ristiques principales : une forte importance \u00e9conomique et un risque \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u2019approvisionnement. Leur importance \u00e9conomique provient de leur r\u00f4le dans des secteurs strat\u00e9giques comme la mobilit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique, les \u00e9nergies renouvelables et l\u2019\u00e9lectronique de pointe. Par exemple, les batteries des v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques, pilier de la mobilit\u00e9 durable, d\u00e9pendent du lithium et du cobalt, tandis que les terres rares sont indispensables aux aimants permanents des \u00e9oliennes. Cependant, ces ressources sont souvent concentr\u00e9es dans quelques pays, ce qui rend leur approvisionnement vuln\u00e9rable \u00e0 des perturbations g\u00e9opolitiques, \u00e9conomiques ou naturelles. Un besoin croissant d\u00fb \u00e0 la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique La transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique acc\u00e9l\u00e8re la demande pour ces ressources. Selon une \u00e9tude de la Banque mondiale, la demande pour les min\u00e9raux critiques pourrait augmenter de 450 % d\u2019ici 2050 si les objectifs de l\u2019Accord de Paris sont atteints. Par exemple, les besoins en lithium et en cobalt pour les batteries lithium-ion augmentent \u00e0 mesure que les v\u00e9hicules \u00e9lectriques et les solutions de stockage d\u2019\u00e9nergie deviennent plus r\u00e9pandus. Les \u00e9oliennes n\u00e9cessitent des terres rares comme le n\u00e9odyme et le dysprosium pour leurs aimants, et les panneaux photovolta\u00efques utilisent des mat\u00e9riaux comme l\u2019indium et le gallium. Cette d\u00e9pendance accrue pose des d\u00e9fis environnementaux et sociaux. L\u2019extraction et le raffinage des min\u00e9raux critiques peuvent entra\u00eener des impacts n\u00e9gatifs sur les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, tandis que les conditions de travail dans certaines r\u00e9gions productrices, comme la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC), suscitent des pr\u00e9occupations \u00e9thiques. Ces aspects soulignent la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de normes strictes et de meilleures pratiques pour garantir une exploitation responsable. Un d\u00e9fi g\u00e9opolitique majeur La concentration de l\u2019extraction et du raffinage des min\u00e9raux critiques dans un nombre limit\u00e9 de pays cr\u00e9e des d\u00e9s\u00e9quilibres g\u00e9opolitiques. Par exemple, la Chine est le leader mondial dans le raffinage des terres rares et contr\u00f4le plus de 85 % de leur production mondiale. Cette domination conf\u00e8re \u00e0 P\u00e9kin un avantage strat\u00e9gique, exacerb\u00e9 par des politiques protectionnistes et des restrictions \u00e0 l\u2019exportation. Par ailleurs, des pays comme l\u2019Australie et le Chili jouent un r\u00f4le cl\u00e9 dans l\u2019approvisionnement en lithium, tandis que la RDC fournit plus de 60 % du cobalt mondial. Ces monopoles ou oligopoles r\u00e9gionaux cr\u00e9ent des d\u00e9pendances risqu\u00e9es pour les \u00e9conomies importatrices. La s\u00e9curit\u00e9 des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement comme priorit\u00e9 strat\u00e9gique Face \u00e0 ces d\u00e9fis, la s\u00e9curisation des cha\u00eenes d\u2019approvisionnement est devenue une priorit\u00e9 pour de nombreuses \u00e9conomies. Des strat\u00e9gies vari\u00e9es \u00e9mergent, allant de l\u2019investissement dans la production nationale et les technologies de substitution \u00e0 la diversification des sources d\u2019approvisionnement par le biais de partenariats internationaux. Par exemple, les \u00c9tats-Unis investissent dans des projets de recyclage et de substitution, l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne promeut une \u00e9conomie circulaire, et le Japon finance des initiatives \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger pour garantir un approvisionnement stable. En parall\u00e8le, des innovations technologiques sont n\u00e9cessaires pour r\u00e9duire la d\u00e9pendance \u00e0 ces ressources. Les &hellip; Geopolitique Lire la suite\u00a0\u00bb","og_url":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647","article_modified_time":"2025-01-23T08:03:06+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_misc":{"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e":"46 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647","url":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647","name":"Geopolitique -","isPartOf":{"@id":"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares.jpg","datePublished":"2025-01-22T09:27:12+00:00","dateModified":"2025-01-23T08:03:06+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Bandeau-metaux-rares.jpg","width":2560,"height":1106},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/?page_id=4647#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Accueil","item":"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Geopolitique"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/#website","url":"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/","name":"","description":"","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"http:\/\/echonews.fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4647"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4647"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4647\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/echonews.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4647"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}